Laron syndrome (LS) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene. The most frequent GHR mutation is E180splice (rs121909360), which was initially found in an inbred population of Spanish descent in Ecuador and subsequently in Israel, Brazil, Chile, and the United States. The aim of the present study is to determine if the E180splice mutation arose from a common origin. We studied 22 patients with LS from Ecuador, Israel (of Moroccan origin), Brazil, Chile, and the United States (of Mexican origin) who were homozygous for the E180splice mutation and compared them to control individuals for markers surrounding the GHR, intragenic polymorphisms, and Y-chromosome STR. An identical haplotype was found in all but one of the subjects carrying the E180splice mutation: D5S665: 150/150; D5S2082: 192/192; D5S2087: 246/246; rs6179 G/G; and rs6180 C/C. One patient differed from the others only at D5S2082 (168/192). This haplotype is rare (~1%) in control individuals and confirmed that the E180splice-associated haplotype was not derived from independent origins but represented recombination from a common ancestor. The analysis of paternal lineage markers showed that 50% belong to haplogroup R1b (found in Portugal and Spain) and 40% to haplogroups J and E (typical in the Middle East and in Eastern European Jews). The germline E180Splice mutation appears to have originated from a single common ancestor. The presence of Y-chromosome markers associated with Sephardic populations in persons harboring the E180splice mutation provides genetic evidence in support of the historical tracking of the exodus of this specific population.

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab vol 49 nº 3 Junho 2005 384 RESUMOEstudamos o gene do receptor de hormônio de crescimento (GHR) de 6 pacientes com síndrome de Laron (SL) provenientes de 4 famílias distintas. Os exons 2 a 10 foram amplificados por pares de primers intrônicos. Os produtos de PCR foram seqüenciados diretamente. Os 6 pacientes possuíam no exon 6, codon 180, a troca GGA>GAA em homozigose. Esta mutação não altera o aminoácido traduzido, porém cria um novo sítio de splice que causa a deleção de 8 aminoácidos do domínio extracelular do GHR. Para avaliar um efeito fundador da mutação E180splice, os membros das 4 famílias foram genotipados para 4 regiões intragênicas polimórficas: a presença ou ausência do exon 3, dois polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo presentes nos exons 6 e 10 e o sítio polimórfico no intron 9. Todos os pacientes apresentavam o mesmo haplótipo destas 4 regiões. A mutação E180splice foi descrita anteriormente em uma comunidade andina no sul do Equador descendente de espanhóis e também numa família judia de Israel. Nossas famílias compartilham o mesmo haplótipo do intron 9 observado nestes pacientes. Concluímos que a mutação E180splice é uma importante causa de IGH no Brasil e a presença do mesmo haplótipo em nossos pacientes, nos pacientes equatorianos e israelenses com a mutação E180splice é forte indício do efeito fundador desta mutação. ABSTRACT Founder Effect of E180splice Mutation in Growth Hormone Receptor Gene (GHR) Identified in Brazilian Patients With GH Insensitivity.We studied the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene in 6 patients with Laron syndrome (LS) from 4 unrelated families. Exons 2 to 10 were amplified by PCR using specific intronic pairs of primers. The PCR products were directly sequenced. Our results showed that all 6 patients carried a homozygous GAG>GAA mutation in codon 180 of exon 6. This mutation did not change the translated amino acid, but created an abnormal splice site deleting 8 amino acids from the extracellular domain of GHR. Members of all 4 kindreds with the E180splice mutation were genotyped for 4 polymorphic intragenic sites: The retention or exclusion of exon 3, single nucleotide polymorphisms present in exons 6 and 10, and intron 9 polymorphic site. All 6 patients presented the same haplotype. The E180splice mutation was first described in a population of Spanish descendants from the Andes of Southern Ecuador. This mutation was also found in oriental Jewish patients from Israel. Our families share the same intron-9 haplotype observed in Ecuadorian and Israeli patients. We conclude that the E180splice mutation is an important cause of LS in Brazil and there is probably a founder effect since our patients, Ecuadorian and Israeli patients share the same haplotype in intron 9.