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Article InfoThis article presents an overview of the technology status and market trends of LPG-fueled vehicles through the literature approach to re-evaluate their future. In the review, it is discovered that LPG vehicles are globally increasing, though with a concentration in some countries. Of the 25 countries included in the World LPG Association (WLPGA) annual report 2018, Turkey, Poland, India, Ukraine, and Mexico are the countries with the best LPG vehicle trends in average of 23%. with a long history of implementing LPG as an alternative fuel has experienced a decline in the 2013-2017 period by 17%. This was allegedly due to the penetration of diesel-fueled vehicles over the last ten years. Moreover, developed countries experiencing decline have succeeded in developing electric-based vehicles such as Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) due to stringent demands for emission standards. AbstrakArtikel ini menyajikan ulasan tentang status teknologi dan tren pasar kendaraan berbahan bakar LPG melalui pendekatan literatur untuk mengevaluasi kembali masa depan mereka. Dalam ulasan ini, ditemukan bahwa kendaraan LPG meningkat secara global, meskipun terkonsentrasi di beberapa negara. Dari 25 negara yang termasuk dalam laporan tahunan World LPG Association (WLPGA) tahun 2018, Turki, Polandia, India, Ukraina, dan Meksiko adalah negara-negara dengan tren kendaraan LPG terbaik dengan rata-rata 23%. Sementara itu, Australia, Jepang, Korea Selatan, Inggris, Belanda, Prancis, dan Jerman yang memiliki sejarah panjang menerapkan LPG sebagai bahan bakar alternatif telah mengalami penurunan 17% selama periode 2013-2017. Ini diduga karena penetrasi kendaraan berbahan bakar diesel selama sepuluh tahun terakhir. Selain itu, negara maju yang mengalami penurunan telah berhasil mengembangkan kendaraan berbasis listrik seperti Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), dan Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) karena tuntutan ketat pada standar emisi. Kata-kata kunci: Kendaraan berbahan bakar LPG; Teknologi kit LPG; Tren pasar © Thomas Kivevele, Thirunavukkarasu Raja, Vahid Pirouzfar, Budi Waluyo, and Muji Setiyo Automotive Experiences 7

Poor oxidation stability of biodiesel is the central problem associated with its commercial acceptance. To enhance the practical feasibility of biodiesel, antioxidants are added to increase its storage stability. It is quite possible that these additives may affect other basic fuel properties of biodiesel. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of antioxidants on the basic fuel properties of biodiesel produced from nonedible oils of African origin (Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcus, and Croton megalocarpus). Four antioxidants: 1,2,3‐trihydroxybenzene (pyrogallol, PY), 3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoic acid (propyl gallate, PG), 2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methoxyphenol (butylated hydroxyanisole, BHA) and 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene, BHT) were investigated for their effectiveness in oxidation stability. The results showed that PY and PG were more effective than BHA and BHT. The most effective antioxidant (PY in this study) was was studied further for its effects on other basic fuel properties of biodiesels such as kinematic viscosity, cetane number, and thermal properties. It was observed that the kinematic viscosity was reduced at lower concentrations of antioxidant additives (500 ppm) and slightly increased at high concentrations (1000 ppm) but lower than that of pure biodiesel. The cetane number was slightly increased at both 500 and 1000 ppm of PY antioxidant content. The effects of the antioxidant on the thermal properties were not clearly observed. Therefore, it can be concluded that adding antioxidants to biodiesel lengthens increases the storage stability and also improves the kinematic viscosity, thermal properties, and cetane number as an added advantage.

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