Background. Student engagement and concentration is critical for successful learning. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of online learning which may affect engagement and concentration, particularly for those students with specific learning difficulties.Aims. 1. Students would show lower scores on all the measures of student experience when judging these during online learning versus learning within the classroom. 2. This negative impact of online learning on concentration, engagement, perceived learning, and self-worth compared to classroom education would be more significant for those with specific learning difficulties. 3. The drop in student experience scores due to online learning would be associated with poorer mental well-being.Sample. Four hundred seven pupils aged 11-18 years at a secondary education school in Wales. Methods.A retrospective online survey comparing pupils' normal classroom experience to learning online during the first national lockdown in the United Kingdom (March-July 2020).Results. Pupils' learning experiences (concentration, engagement, ability to learn, and self-worth from learning) were significantly lower for online learning compared to the classroom learning. These differences were more marked in students with specific learning difficulties. Perceived ability to learn and engage during classroom and online learning were also associated with mental well-being.Conclusions. The move to online learning appears to have affected students' ability to concentrate and engage in their schoolwork and appears to have reduced their ability toThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The process and techniques of organ transplantation have improved significantly; however, there remains a supply-demand mismatch that appears to grow wider as years go by. In this literature review, databases covering published studies from 1990 to 2006 were searched for studies focused on medical doctors' and/or registered nurses' attitudes towards human-to-human organ donation and/or transplantation. The results indicate that healthcare professionals do play a significant part in the procurement of organs for transplantation and may be partly responsible for the lack of transplantable organs available. However, the review further illustrates their complex role within the healthcare system, and suggests that responsibility for organ procurement may be best placed within the domain of specialist personnel.

The stated aim of the Mental Capacity Act is to provide greater protection to those who may lose their mental capacities, particularly in terms of informed consent, patient affairs, advanced decisions and research. This article attempts to explore this new statute by way of examining the scope to which the Act departs from the previous Common Law. Three key themes are identified within this new Act, which differentiate it from Common Law: patients' best interests, which is paramount to any care or treatment; proxy consent, whereby donees can now be appointed to take charge of medical decisions; and advanced directives, where so-called living wills can be enforced provided that they are specific, written, signed and witnessed. However, upon examining the statute it appears that rather than increasing patient autonomy and self-determination, evidence suggests that power is still being held by the medical profession. Whether patients have full autonomy or not, the main issue could be how to strike an effective and workable balance between protection and liberty.