Transport networks are becoming increasingly large and interconnected. This interconnectivity is a key enabler of accessibility; on the other hand, it results in vulnerability, i.e. reduced performance, in case any specific part is subject to disruptions. We analyse how railway systems are vulnerable to delay, and how delays propagate in railway networks, studying real-life delay propagation phenomena on empirical data, determining real-life impact and delay propagation for the uncommon case of railway disruptions. We take a unique approach by looking at the same system, in two different operating conditions, to disentangle processes and dynamics that are normally present and co-occurring in railway operations. We exploit the unique chance to observe a systematic change in railway operations conditions, without a correspondent system change of infrastructure or timetable, coming from the occurrence of the large-scale disruption at Rastatt, Germany, in 2017. We define new statistical methods able to detect weak signals in the noisy dataset of recorded punctuality for passenger traffic in Switzerland, in the disrupted and undisrupted state, along a period of 1 year. We determine how delay propagation changed, and quantify the heterogeneous, large-scale cascading effects of the Rastatt disruption towards the Swiss network, hundreds of kilometers away. Operational measures of transport performance (i.e. punctuality and delays), while globally being very decreased, had a statistically relevant positive increase (though very geographically heterogeneous) on the Swiss passenger traffic during the disruption period. We identify two factors for this: (1) the reduced delay propagation at an international scale; and (2) to a minor extent, rerouted railway freight traffic; which show to combine linearly in the observed outcomes.

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