In this research, antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid content of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions of roots, stem bark, and leaves of Elaeocarpus mastersii King were determined by the colorimetric method using DPPH assay (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and aluminum chloride reagent, respectively. Phytochemical screening was evaluated by specific reaction of constituents to the specific reagent. Ethyl acetate fraction had the best value of phenolic content and antioxidant activity among all fractions which the best value was obtained from the leaves (380.99 ± 2.14 mg GAE/g DW and IC50 1.95 ± 0.01 µg/mL) followed by the roots (362.88 ± 1.89 mg GAE/g DW and IC50 2.05 ± 0.01 µg/mL) and the stem bark (341.89 ± 3.97 mg GAE/g DW and IC50 2.36 ± 0.02 µg/mL). All fractions of this plant showed the low value of flavonoid content. The phytochemical screening exhibited that this plant was dominated by phenolic and alkaloid compounds. These results demonstrate the great potential of Elaeocarpus mastersii King as a natural antioxidant and active compounds.

In this research, isolation of secondary metabolites of Elaeocarpus mastersii King stem bark was conducted by column chromatography and pure compounds were characterized by the IR, UV, and NMR spectra. The biological activity of the isolated compounds as antidiabetic was determined based on the α-glucosidase inhibition. The investigation led to isolate β-sitosterol (1), β-sitosterol glucoside (2), and cucurbitacin F(3). The evaluation of the αglucosidase inhibitory assay showed that the isolated compounds had different inhibition performances caused by the interaction distinction with the active site of the enzyme. These results perform that Elaeocarpus mastersii King contained several types of secondary metabolite compounds and had the potential to be used as medicine.

Plants are one of the natural resources that have great biological activity and have long been used in traditional medicine. In this research, methanol extracts of root, stem bark, and leaf of Elaeocarpus mastersii King were tested to determine phenolic and flavonoid content and evaluate their biological activities as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic using the method of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, disc diffusion against Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella typhosa (S. typhosa), and Escherichia coli (E. coli), and inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme, respectively. All parts showed high phenolic content and antioxidant activity wherein the leaf extract was found to be the highest value (340.36 ± 2.09 mg GAE/g DW and IC 50 1.86 ± 0.00 µg/mL) followed by the stem bark (331.53 ± 6.96 mg GAE/g DW and IC 50 2.43 ± 0.01 µg/mL) and the root (216.27 ± 3.19 mg GAE/g DW and IC 50 3.37 ± 0.20 µg/mL), respectively. In contrast, their flavonoid values were very low. The stem bark exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacteria. The activity of α-glucosidase inhibition revealed that the stem bark had the highest activity among all parts with the IC 50 of 14.56 ± 1.20 µg/mL. This study demonstrates that Elaeocarpus mastersii King has a great biological activity as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and α-glucosidase inhibitor.

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Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser is a folk medicine to treat several diseases. S. ferruginea is the mistletoe that lives by deriving nutrients from the host. Hence, the host has a significant effect on the biological activities and bioactive components of S. ferruginea. In this study, the leaves of S. ferruginea were macerated by methanol solvent to extract the chemical components and fractionated by hexane and ethyl acetate solvent, respectively, to separate organic compounds. The biological activity of crude extracts as the antioxidant was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The result showed that the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction with the IC50 of 10.88 ± 0.39 µg/mL. Furthermore, the trituration method used several solvents to isolate secondary metabolites from the initial crude methanol extract. This purification process produced a flavonoid compound of quercitrin. The antioxidant activity of quercitrin was also determined by the DPPH method. The result showed that this compound has stronger activity than the crude extracts with the IC50 of 5.95 ± 0.11 µg/mL. This study demonstrated that cacao mistletoe of S. ferruginea may have the potential activity to treat the diseases caused by the presence of free radicals.