The reduction of pesticide usage is a current imperative and the implementation of sustainable viticulture is an urgent necessity. A potential solution, which is being increasingly adopted, is offered by the use of grapevine cultivars resistant to its main pathogenic threats. This, however, has contributed to changes in defense strategies resulting in the occurrence of secondary diseases, which were previously controlled. Concomitantly, the ongoing climate crisis is contributing to destabilizing the increasingly dynamic viticultural context. In this review, we explore the available knowledge on three Ascomycetes which are considered emergent and causal agents of powdery mildew, black rot and anthracnose. We also aim to provide a survey on methods for phenotyping disease symptoms in fields, greenhouse and lab conditions, and for disease control underlying the insurgence of pathogen resistance to fungicide. Thus, we discuss fungal genetic variability, highlighting the usage and development of molecular markers and barcoding, coupled with genome sequencing. Moreover, we extensively report on the current knowledge available on grapevine-ascomycete interactions, as well as the mechanisms developed by the host to counteract the attack. Indeed, to better understand these resistance mechanisms, it is relevant to identify pathogen effectors which are involved in the infection process and how grapevine resistance genes function and impact the downstream cascade. Dealing with such a wealth of information on both pathogens and the host, the horizon is now represented by multidisciplinary approaches, combining traditional and innovative methods of cultivation. This will support the translation from theory to practice, in an attempt to understand biology very deeply and manage the spread of these Ascomycetes.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a exigência térmica, obtida por diferentes métodos de cálculo, para caracterizar a fenologia das videiras (Vitis vinifera) 'Cabernet Sauvignon', ' Tannat Phenology and thermal accumulation in grapevines in the Fronteira Oeste region of Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the thermal requirement, obtained by different thermal time calculation methods, to characterize the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) phenology of 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Tannat', 'Ruby Cabernet', and 'Merlot' grown in the Fronteira Oeste region, of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The phenological development was followed for five seasons -2005/2006 to 2009/2010. Minimum and maximum air temperatures were recorded daily, and the following eight thermal time methods were tested: M1.1, M1.2, and M1.3, which use only the down threshold temperature (10°C); M2.1 and M2.2, which also consider 25°C as the optimum temperature for development; and M3.1, M3.2, and M3.3, which, besides using the prior temperatures, consider 35°C as the upper threshold temperature of development. These methods were compared using the standard error (SE) estimates of accumulated heat. The SNK test was used to compare the thermal requirement between cultivars. M3.3 was the method that best simulated 'Tannat' and 'Merlot' development (1,823.1 and 1,780.8 degree-day respectively). However, the least deviation was obtained in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Ruby Cabernet' using the M3.1 method (1,958.9 and 1,944.8 degreeday respectively). Methods employing the three cardinal temperatures showed greater accuracy. 'Tannat' and 'Merlot' are the cultivars that show the lowest thermal requirement to complete the cycle.

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Plastochron safe estimates contribute for modeling improvement of grapevine development and allow identifying the phenological behavior of culture, to check the adjustment, to set more appropriate management practices and to assist in agricultural zoning culture. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the plastochron in Marselan and Tannat grapevine cultivars in the region of the Border West of Rio Grande do Sul. The experiment was conducted in grapevine orchard with Marselan and Tannat cultivars in the municipality of Itaqui-RS in 2010, between September and December. The plastochron was estimated by the inverse of slope of the linear regression between the number of visible nodes by branches and thermal time (base temperature of 10 °C). For Marselan and Tannat grapevine cultivars can be used plastochron value of approximately 56.25 ºC day node-1 .

-The objective of this work was to estimate the plastochron index of the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevine varieties in Fronteira Oeste, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 2010, in a completely randomized design, using 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevines grown in the municipalities of Itaqui, São Borja, and Maçambará, which were referred to as sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Phenological monitoring of the varieties was done from the beginning of sprouting until the pruning of canes (green trimming). The daily thermal sum (dTS, o C day) was calculated using the cardinal temperatures for node appearance in grapevines (10, 25, and 35ºC), whereas the accumulated thermal sum (aTS, o C day) was obtained by adding up the dTS. The plastochron index was estimated by the inverse of the angular coefficient of the linear regression between the number of nodes per cane and aTS. In all three sites, both 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' required degree-days of 10°C and aTS of 810ºC to complete the cycle from the beginning of sprouting until the end of flowering. The estimated plastochron indexes of the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevines, in Fronteira Oeste, in the state Rio Grande do Sul, were 40.4 and 49.7ºC day per node, respectively.Index terms: Vitis vinifera, degree-days, plant development, temperature, thermal sum, viticulture. Estimativa do plastocrono das videiras 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay' na Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do SulResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o plastocrono das variedades de videira 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay' na Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. O experimento foi conduzido em 2010, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com as videiras 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay' cultivadas nos municípios de Itaqui, São Borja e Maçambará, denominados locais 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Realizou-se o monitoramento fenológico das variedades desde o início da brotação até a realização da desponta dos ramos. A soma térmica diária (STd, o C dia) foi calculada a partir das temperaturas cardinais para o aparecimento de nós em videira (10, 25 e 35ºC), enquanto a soma térmica acumulada (STa, ºC dia) foi obtida pela soma da STd. O plastocrono foi estimado pelo inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão linear entre o número de nós por sarmento e a STa. Nos três locais, tanto 'Cabernet Sauvignon' como 'Chardonnay' necessitaram de graus-dia de 10°C e STa de 810°C para completar o ciclo desde o início da brotação até o fim da floração. Os plastocronos estimados das variedades 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay', na Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, foram de 40,4 e 49,7ºC dia por nó, respectivamente.Termos para indexação: Vitis vinifera, graus-dia, desenvolvimento da planta, temperatura, soma térmica, viticultura.