Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is characterized as a slow-progressing form of autoimmune diabetes. LADA resembles some phenotypes of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), frequently leading to misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapeutic strategies. Understanding its transcriptome profiles aids in revealing the detailed molecular mechanisms of LADA and its therapy. In the present study, we performed RNA-seq analysis of LADA patients from Eastern China and showed that LADA exhibited 277 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 199 upregulated and 78 downregulated. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly related to immune function and cell death and growth. Furthermore, a comparison of DEGs in LADA with those in T1D and T2D identified from the online databases showed that there are very few overlapped genes between LADA and T1D or T2D, confirming LADA to be a distinct type of diabetes from T1D or T2D. In summary, our comprehensive analysis may aid in the understanding and treatment of LADA patients in Eastern China.

This study was designed to evaluate the synergism of two couples of antihypertensive drugs (amlodipine + telmisartan and amlodipine + candesartan) on blood pressure reduction in vivo by both SynergyFinder 3.0 and probability sum test. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with intragastric administration of amlodipine (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg), telmisartan (4, 8, and 16 mg/kg), candesartan (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg), nine combinations for amlodipine and telmisartan, and nine combinations for amlodipine and candesartan. The control rats were treated by 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium. Blood pressure was recorded continuously up to 6 h after administration. Both SynergyFinder 3.0 and the probability sum test were used to evaluate the synergistic action. The synergisms calculated by SynergyFinder 3.0 are consistent with the probability sum test both in two different combinations. There is an obviously synergistic interaction between amlodipine and telmisartan or candesartan. The combinations of amlodipine and telmisartan (2 + 4 and 1 + 4 mg/kg) and amlodipine and candesartan (0.5 + 4 and 2 + 1 mg/kg) might exert an optimum synergism against hypertension. Compared with the probability sum test, SynergyFinder 3.0 is more stable and reliable to analyze the synergism.