IMPORTANCE Thyroid cancer is the most pervasive endocrine cancer worldwide. Studies examining the association between thyroid cancer and country, sex, age, sociodemographic index (SDI), and other factors are lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine the thyroid cancer burden and variation trends at the global, regional, and national levels using data on sex, age, and SDI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSIn this cross-sectional study, epidemiologic data were gathered using the Global Health Data Exchange query tool, covering persons of all ages with thyroid cancer in 195 countries and 21 regions from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2017; data analysis was completed on October 1, 2019. All participants met the Global Burden of Disease Study inclusion criteria. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcomes included incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of thyroid cancer. Measures were stratified by sex, region, country, age, and SDI.The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) and age-standardized rates were calculated to evaluate the temporal trends. RESULTSIncreases of thyroid cancer were noted in incident cases (169%), deaths (87%), and DALYs (75%). Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) showed an upward trend over time, with an EAPC of 1.59 (95% CI, 1.51-1.67); decreases were noted in EAPCs of age-standardized death rate (−0.15; 95% CI, −0.19 to −0.12) and age-standardized DALY rate (−0.11; 95% CI, −0.15 to −0.08). Almost half (41.73% for incidence, 50.92% for deaths, and 54.39% for DALYs) of the thyroid cancer burden was noted in Southern and Eastern Asia. In addition, females accounted for most of the thyroid cancer burden (70.22% for incidence, 58.39% for deaths, and 58.68% for DALYs) and increased by years in this population, although the ASIR of males with thyroid cancer (EAPC, 2.18; 95% CI, 2.07-2.28) increased faster than that of females (EAPC, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.30-1.46). A third (34%) of patients with thyroid cancer resided in countries with a high SDI, and most patients were aged 50 to 69 years, which was older than the age in other quintiles (high SDI quintile compared with all other quintiles, P<.05). The most common age at onset of thyroid cancer worldwide was 15 to 49 years in female individuals compared with 50 to 69 years in male individuals (P<.05). Death from thyroid cancer was concentrated in participants aged 70 years or older and increased by years (average annual percentage change, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.21; P<.05). Furthermore, people in lower SDI quintiles developed thyroid cancer and died from it earlier than those in other quintiles (high and high-middle SDI vs low and low-middle SDI, P<.05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEData from this study suggest considerable heterogeneity in the epidemiologic patterns of thyroid cancer across sex, age, SDI, region, and country, providing Key Points Question What were the epidemiologic patterns and variation in the trends of thyroid cancer worldwide from 1990 to 2017? Findings In this cross-sectional study covering data on incidence, deaths, and disabi...

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is crucial in cancer and is well characterized as a negative T-cell regulator that functions by delivering inhibitory signals. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between PD-1 polymorphisms (rs10204525, rs2227982, and rs7421861) and breast cancer risk.We selected 560 breast cancer patients and 583 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched healthy controls from Northwest China. The PD-1 polymorphisms were genotyped by using Sequenom MassARRAY. Associations were estimated with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).For the rs10204525 and rs7421861 polymorphisms, no differences in breast cancer risk were found in any of the genetic models. For the rs2227982 polymorphism, the variant genotypes were significantly associated with decreased breast cancer risk (CT vs CC: OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.52–0.91; CT + TT vs CC: OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.53–0.90). In analyses stratified by age, the decreased risk was observed among the younger subjects (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.47–0.97). We found that the decreased risk observed for the variant genotypes of rs2227982 was associated with the Her-2 status (CT vs CC: OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.37–0.84; CT + TT vs CC: OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.38–0.82). The haplotype analysis showed that the Ars10204525 Trs2227982 Crs7421861 haplotype was associated with a significantly decreased risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.34–0.75).Our findings support an association between the PD-1 rs2227982 polymorphism and decreased breast cancer risk, especially in Her-2 positive breast cancer patients in the Chinese population.

DNA polymerases are responsible for ensuring stability of the genome and avoiding genotoxicity caused by a variety of factors during DNA replication. Consequently, these proteins have been associated with an increased cancer risk. DNA polymerase kappa (POLK) is a specialized DNA polymerase involved in translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) that allows DNA synthesis over the damaged DNA. Recently, some studies investigated relationships between POLK polymorphisms and cancer risk, but the role of POLK genetic variants in breast cancer (BC) remains to be defined. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of POLK polymorphisms on BC risk.We used the Sequenom MassARRAY method to genotype 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in POLK (rs3213801, rs10077427, and rs5744533), in order to determine the genotypes of 560 BC patients and 583 controls. The association of genotypes and BC was assessed by computing the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) from logistic regression analyses.We found a statistically significant difference between patient and control groups in the POLK rs10077427 genotypic groups, excluding the recessive model. A positive correlation was also found between positive progesterone receptor (PR) status, higher Ki67 index, and rs10077427 polymorphism. For rs5744533 polymorphism, the codominant, dominant, and allele models frequencies were significantly higher in BC patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, our results indicated that rs5744533 SNP has a protective role in the postmenopausal women. However, we failed to find any associations between rs3213801 polymorphism and susceptibility to BC.Our results indicate that POLK polymorphisms may influence the risk of developing BC, and, because of this, may serve as a prognostic biomarker among Chinese women.