Xenobiotics are compounds of synthetic origin, usually used for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes; in the environment, they are present in micropollutant concentrations and high concentrations (using ng/L to µg/L units). Xenobiotics can be categorized according to different criteria, including their nature, uses, physical state, and pathophysiological effects. Their impacts on humans and the environment are non-negligible. Prolonged exposure to even low concentrations may have toxic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects. Wastewater treatment plants that are ineffective at minimizing the release of xenobiotic compounds are one of the main sources of xenobiotics in the environment (e.g., xenobiotic compounds reach the environment, affecting both humans and animals). In order to minimize the negative impacts, various laws and regulations have been adopted in the EU and across the globe, with an emphasis on xenobiotics removal from the environment, in a way that is economically, environmentally, and socially acceptable, and will not result in their accumulation, or creation of compounds that are more harmful. Detection methods allow detecting even small concentrations of xenobiotics in samples, but the problem is the diversity and mix of compounds present in the environment, in which it is not known what their effects are). In this review, the division of xenobiotics and their detection methods will be presented.
Primljeno u kolovozu 2010. CrossCheck provjera u listopadu 2010.Prihvaćeno u siječnju 2011.Intenzivan industrijski razvoj popraćen je sve većom kompleksnošću sastava otpadnih voda, što u smislu učinkovite zaštite okoliša i održivog razvoja nalaže potrebu pospješivanja kvalitete postojećih te uvođenjem novih postupaka obrade otpadnih voda, kao iznimno važnog čimbenika u interakciji čovjeka i okoliša. Posebnu znanstveno-tehnološku pozornost zahtijevaju novosintetizirani ksenobiotici, poput azo-boja, koji su u prirodi veoma teško razgradivi. Azo-boje podložne su bioakumulaciji, a zbog alergijskih, kancerogenih, mutagenih i teratogenih svojstava nerijetko su prijetnja zdravlju ljudi i očuvanju okoliša. Primjenu fi zikalnokemijskih metoda za uklanjanje azo-boja iz otpadnih voda često ograničavaju visoke cijene, potrebe za odlaganjem nastalog štetnog mulja ili nastanak toksičnih sastojaka razgradnje. Biotehnološki postupci su, zbog mogućnosti ekonomične provedbe i postizanja potpune biorazgradnje, a time i detoksifi kacije, sve zastupljeniji u obradi svih vrsta otpadnih voda, pa tako i onih koje sadržavaju azo-boje.KLJUČNE RIJEČI: biološko obezbojenje, biotehnologija, mješovite mikrobne kulture, obojene otpadne vode Gudelj I, et al. BIODEGRADATION AND DETOXIFICATION OF AZO DYES Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2011;62:91-101 TIJEK RAZVOJA BOJA I NJIHOVA PODJELA Neka tvar ima vlastitu boju ako apsorbira dio svjetlosti koja na nju pada. O preostalom dijelu svjetlosti, koji pojedine tvari propuštaju ili difuzno refl ektiraju, ovisi njihova obojenost. Boje su tvari koje apsorbiraju svjetlost u vidljivom dijelu spektra, a imaju sposobnost obojenja tekstilnih vlakana ili drugih materijala vežući se na njih fi zikalnim silama ili uspostavljajući s materijalom kemijsku vezu. Zajedničko kemijsko svojstvo svih tvari koje pokazuju obojenost jest nezasićenost veza u strukturi njihove molekule (1). Sama obojenost ovisi o broju i razmještaju dvostrukih veza i kromofora, odnosno o kemijskoj strukturi molekule tvari. Prema podrijetlu boje se dijele na prirodne i sintetske. Ova se podjela temelji na kemijskoj strukturi te području i metodama primjene, a uvrštena je u Colour Index (C.I.) u kojem su bojila i pigmenti označeni dvjema oznakama. Jedna od njih odnosi se na područje primjene i način bojenja te se naziva C.I. generičko ime, dok se druga oznaka, C.I. konstitucijski broj, odnosi na strukturu bojila, topljivost i podatke o sintezi (2).Čovjek je od prapovijesnih vremena bio zainteresiran za boje. Prirodne boje i postupci bojenja stari su koliko i sam tekstil. Boje mogu biti izolirane iz biljaka, životinja ili minerala. Bojenje se u Europi Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 3:01 PM
Fungi produce a large variety of extracellular proteins, organic acids, and other metabolites and can adapt to several environmental conditions. Mycotoxin-producing moulds of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are common food contaminants. One of the natural ways to protect food from mould contamination is to use essential oils. In this study, we evaluated the effect of essential oils of cinnamon, lavender, rosemary, and sage at 1 % (v/v) concentration in yeast media inoculated with spores (fi nal concentration 10 6 mL -1 media) of Aspergillus ochraceus ZMPBF 318 and Penicillium expansum ZMPBF 565, alone or in combination, on fungal biomass. Cinnamon showed the best inhibitory effect (100 %). Lavender oil best inhibited the growth of Aspergillus ochraceus (nearly 100 %), and was less successful with Penicillium expansum (having dropped to 57 % on day 28). With cultivation time the inhibitory effect of sage and rosemary oil grew for Aspergillus ochraceus and dropped for Penicillium expansum. These results suggest that fungi can be controlled with essential oils, especially with cinnamon oil.
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