The use of biomaterials in medicine is not recent, and in the last few decades, the research and development of biocompatible materials had emerged. Hydroxyapatite (HAp), a calcium phosphate that constitutes a large part of the inorganic composition of human bones and teeth, has been used as an interesting bioceramic material. Among its applications, HAp has been used to carry antitumor drugs, such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, and gemcitabine. Such HAp-based composites have an essential role in anticancer drug delivery systems, including the treatment of osteosarcoma. In addition, the association of this bioceramic with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has also been used as an effective agent of local magnetic hyperthermia. Further, the combined approach of the aforementioned techniques (HAp scaffolds combined with anti-tumor drugs and MNPs) is also an attractive therapeutical alternative. Considering the promising role of the use of bioceramics in modern medicine, we proposed this review, presenting an updated perspective on the use of HAp in the treatment of cancer, especially osteosarcoma. Finally, after giving the current progress in this field, we highlight the urgent need for efforts to provide a better understanding of their potential applications.

The use of bio-materials in medicine has intensified as new treatments are emerging. Among bio-materials, bio-ceramics have attracted attention due to their applications in regeneration, generation and formation of bone tissues. Calcium phosphates, more specifically hydroxyapatite, make up a large part of the composition of human bones and teeth. The bio-material is used mainly for the production of porous scaffolds to act as a bone graft. This work reviews techniques currently used for manufacturing scaffolds, and studies parameters of a technique called direct foaming to try to adapt the process for the production of hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Suspensions were produced with the aid of mechanical stirrer and ultrasonic stirrer to compare the dispersion produced. Results show the need to improve freeze casting techniques for biomedical applications. It was observed that 3D printing to produce scaffolds is adequate but can be optimized. The direct foaming method generated promising scaffolds, and it is possible to adapt the process to make parts of hydroxyapatite.