Li-ion batteries are commonly used in portable electronic devices due to their outstanding energy and power density. A remaining issue which hinders the breakthrough e.g. in the automotive sector is the high production cost. For low power applications, such as stationary storage, batteries with electrodes thicker than 300 µm were suggested. High energy densities can be attained with only a few electrode layers which reduces production time and cost. However, mass and charge transport limitations can be severe at already small Crates due to long transport pathways. In this article we use a detailed 3D micro-structure resolved model to investigate limiting factors for battery performance. The model is parametrized with data from the literature and dedicated experiments and shows good qualitative agreement with experimental discharge curves of thick NMC-graphite Li-ion batteries. The model is used to assess the effect of inhomogeneities in carbon black distribution and gives answers to the possible occurrence of lithium plating during battery charge. Based on our simulations we can predict optimal operation strategies and improved design concepts for future Li-ion batteries employing thick electrodes.

Most cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries exhibit a low electronic conductivity. Hence, a significant amount of conductive graphitic additives are introduced during electrode production. The mechanical stability and electronic connection of the electrode is enhanced by a mixed phase formed by the carbon and binder materials. However, this mixed phase, the carbon binder domain (CBD), hinders the transport of lithium ions through the electrolyte pore network. Thus, reducing the performance at higher currents. In this work we combine microstructure resolved simulations with impedance measurements on symmetrical cells to identify the influence of the CBD distribution. Microstructures of NMC622 electrodes are obtained through synchrotron X-ray tomography. Resolving the CBD using tomography techniques is challenging. Therefore, three different CBD distributions are incorporated via a structure generator. We present results of microstructure resolved impedance spectroscopy and lithiation simulations, which reproduce the experimental results of impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic lithiation measurements, thus, providing a link between the spatial CBD distribution, electrode impedance, and half-cell performance. The results demonstrate the significance of the CBD distribution and enable predictive simulations for battery design. The accumulation of CBD at contact points between particles is identified as the most likely configuration in the electrodes under consideration.

Multi-phase management is crucial for performance and durability of electrochemical cells such as batteries and fuel cells. In this paper we present a generic framework for describing the two-dimensional spatiotemporal evolution of gaseous, liquid and solid phases, as well as their interdependence with interfacial (electro-)chemistry and microstructure in a continuum description. The modeling domain consists of up to seven layers (current collectors, channels, electrodes, separator/membrane), each of which can consist of an arbitrary number of bulk phases (gas, liquid, solid) and connecting interfaces (two-phase or multi-phase boundaries). Bulk and interfacial chemistry is described using global or elementary kinetic reactions. Multi-phase management is coupled to chemistry and to mass and charge transport within bulk phases. The functionality and flexibility of this framework is demonstrated using four application areas in the context of post-lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells, that is, lithium-sulfur (Li-S) cells, lithiumoxygen (Li-O) cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEFC). The results are compared to models available in literature and properties of the generic framework are discussed.

The effect of the mixing and drying process on the microstructure of ultra‐thick NCM 622 cathodes (50 mg cm−2, 8 mAh cm−2) and its implication for battery performance is investigated. It is observed that the shear force during the mixing process significantly influences the resulting microstructure with regard to binder migration during the drying process. Based on the information extracted from scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) cross sections, the carbon binder domain (CBD) is distributed in the pore space of virtual electrodes generated by a stochastic 3D microstructure model. Simulations predict a CBD configuration that leads to optimal performance of the electrode. Furthermore, it is shown that a low drying rate has a beneficial influence toward the rate capability of the ultra‐thick cathodes. The specific energy of an ultra‐thick cathode is 18% higher compared with a cathode prepared according to the state of the art. With an improved process in a pilot scale, the advantage can be kept up to current densities of at least 3 mA cm−².