Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy allows for unprecedented in situ visualization of biological structures, but its application to materials science has so far been comparatively limited. One of the main reasons is the lack of powerful dyes that allow for labeling and photoswitching in materials science systems. In this study it is shown that appropriate substitution of diarylethenes bearing a fluorescent closed and dark open form paves the way for imaging nanostructured materials with three of the most popular super-resolution fluorescence microscopy methods that are based on different concepts to achieve imaging beyond the diffraction limit of light. The key to obtain optimal resolution lies in a proper control over the photochemistry of the photoswitches and its adaption to the system to be imaged. It is hoped that the present work will provide researchers with a guide to choose the best photoswitch derivative for super-resolution microscopy in materials science, just like the correct choice of a Swiss Army Knife's tool is essential to fulfill a given task.

promising substances. [2] However, HMF can also be electrochemically oxidized to increase its value. Scheme 1 illustrates the individual oxidation products, from HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) or 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) to 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Of particular economic interest is the end product FDCA, which is used as a monomer for the production of polyethylene furanoate (PEF). [3] PEF is entirely obtainable from renewable raw materials and also possesses thermal, mechanical and barrier properties superior to the currently used petroleum-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET). [4] As an alternative to a thermo-catalytic oxidation of HMF using oxygen, electrocatalysis bears the potential to combine biomass as renewable carbon resource directly with renewable electrical energy. In addition, very benign reaction conditions are possible avoiding the need for oxygen pressure and elevated temperature. [2b] One of the first literature-known electrocatalytic oxidation of HMF to FDCA was carried out in 1991 in a two-chamber electrolysis cell. Skowronski et al. obtained a FDCA yield of 71% by using NiO/Ni(OH) 2 as electrocatalyst in a very basic aqueous solution (1 m NaOH). [5] Despite the promising yield, scientific work on the HMF oxidation did not continue for over two decades. In recent years, however, the topic of the electrochemical conversion of HMF has gained considerable importance and found increasing attention. In 2012, Strasser's group investigated the oxidation of HMF on Pt electrodes and discovered the strong influence of the pH value on the reaction yield. [6] Nowadays, in particular noble-metalfree [7] and stable [8] electrocatalysts attract increasingly attention driven by the need for efficient, selective and robust catalyst systems. The herein performed upgrading of HMF over structured nickel oxide reveals the great dependence of electrocatalysts for oxidation on material morphology and nanostructure. The reaction was conducted in a 3D-printed electrolysis cell with two separated half-cells. The simple synthesis of NiO in the CMK-1 structure led to a significant current density, selectivity and yield increase in comparison with unmodified amorphous NiO.

The efficiency and robustness of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by NH3 catalysts for exhaust gas purification, especially of heavy-duty diesel engines, will continue to play a major role, despite the increasing electrification of powertrains. With that in mind, the effect of the synthesis scale on commercially available Cu-exchanged chabazite catalysts for SCR was investigated through physicochemical characterizations and catalytic tests. During hydrothermal aging, both industrial and lab-scale prepared catalysts underwent structural dealumination of the zeolite framework and redistribution of the Al sites. Although both catalysts demonstrated similar NO conversion activity under SCR conditions, the lab-scale catalyst showed higher selectivity and lower activity in NH3 oxidation. Variations in N2O formation and NH3 oxidation rate were found to correlate with the formation of different copper species, and the compositions become less controllable in industrial-scale process. This case study focused on routes of ion exchange, and the results provide new insights into catalytic performance of the industrially-produced zeolites.

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In short-term production management of the Internet of Production (IoP) the vision of a Production Control Center is pursued, in which interlinked decision-support applications contribute to increasing decision-making quality and speed. The applications developed focus in particular on use cases near the shop floor with an emphasis on the key topics of production planning and control, production system configuration, and quality control loops.Within the Predictive Quality application, predictive models are used to derive insights from production data and subsequently improve the process- and product-related quality as well as enable automated Root Cause Analysis. The Parameter Prediction application uses invertible neural networks to predict process parameters that can be used to produce components with desired quality properties. The application Production Scheduling investigates the feasibility of applying reinforcement learning to common scheduling tasks in production and compares the performance of trained reinforcement learning agents to traditional methods. In the two applications Deviation Detection and Process Analyzer, the potentials of process mining in the context of production management are investigated. While the Deviation Detection application is designed to identify and mitigate performance and compliance deviations in production systems, the Process Analyzer concept enables the semi-automated detection of weaknesses in business and production processes utilizing event logs.With regard to the overall vision of the IoP, the developed applications contribute significantly to the intended interdisciplinary of production and information technology. For example, application-specific digital shadows are drafted based on the ongoing research work, and the applications are prototypically embedded in the IoP.