In this paper we present a miniaturized digital holographic sensor (HoloCut) for operation inside a machine tool. With state-of-the-art 3D measurement systems, short-range structures such as tool marks cannot be resolved inside a machine tool chamber. Up to now, measurements had to be conducted outside the machine tool and thus processing data are generated offline. The sensor presented here uses digital multiwavelength holography to get 3D-shape-information of the machined sample. By using three wavelengths, we get a large artificial wavelength with a large unambiguous measurement range of 0.5 mm and achieve micron repeatability even in the presence of laser speckles on rough surfaces. In addition, a digital refocusing algorithm based on phase noise is implemented to extend the measurement range beyond the limits of the artificial wavelength and geometrical depth-of-focus. With complex wave field propagation, the focus plane can be shifted after the camera images have been taken and a sharp image with extended depth of focus is constructed consequently. With 20 mm x 20 mm field of view the sensor enables measurement of both macro-and micro-structure (such as tool marks) with an axial resolution of 1 µm, lateral resolution of 7 µm and consequently allows processing data to be generated online which in turn qualifies it as a machine tool control. To make HoloCut compact enough for operation inside a machining center, the beams are arranged in two planes: The beams are split into reference beam and object beam in the bottom plane and combined onto the camera in the top plane later on. Using a mechanical standard interface according to DIN 69893 and having a very compact size of 235 mm x 140 mm x 215 mm (WxHxD) and a weight of 7.5 kg, HoloCut can be easily integrated into different machine tools and extends no more in height than a typical processing tool.
Digital holography is a well-established technology for optical quality control in industrial applications. Two common challenges in digital holographic measurement tasks are the ambiguity at phase steps and the limited depth of focus. With multiwavelength holography, multiple artificial wavelengths are used to extend the sensor's measurement range up to several millimeters, allowing measurements on rough surfaces. To further extend the unambiguous range, additional highly stabilized and increasingly expensive laser sources can be used. Besides that, unwrapping algorithms can be used to overcome phase ambiguities-but these require continuous objects. With the unique feature of numerical refocusing, digital holography allows the numerical generation of an all-in-focus unambiguous image. We present a shape-from-focus algorithm that allows the extension of the depth of field beyond geometrical imaging limitations and yields unambiguous height information, even across discontinuities. Phase noise is used as a focus criterion and to generate a focus index map. The algorithm's performance is demonstrated at a gear flank with steep slopes and a step sample with discontinuities far beyond the system's geometrical limit. The benefit of this method on axially extended objects is discussed.
ZusammenfassungDie Herstellung hochpräziser Bauteile erfordert Genauigkeiten, die selbst modernste Bearbeitungsmaschinen oft nicht zuverlässig liefern können. Abgenutzte Werkzeuge, falsch kalibrierte Sensoren oder unpassende Trajektorien können zu Bearbeitungsergebnissen führen, die den gewünschten Spezifikationen nicht entsprechen. Die Qualitätskontrolle erfolgt in der Regel stichprobenartig außerhalb der Werkzeugmaschine (WZM) in speziellen Messräumen. Überwachung und gegebenenfalls Regelung der Bearbeitungsqualität ist ein aufwändiger iterativer Prozess und bis dato nicht automatisiert. Wir präsentieren das digital-holographische Sensorsystem HoloPort, das die Oberflächentopographie bearbeiteter Bauteilen flächig mit Submikrometergenauigkeit direkt in der WZM misst: Nach unserem Kenntnisstand ist HoloPort das weltweit erste digital-holographische Messsystem zum Einsatz in einer WZM. Es besteht nicht nur aus einem Mehrwellenlängen-Interferometer, sondern beinhaltet auch einen miniaturisierten Grafikprozessor (GPU). Dies ermöglicht die vollständige Datenauswertung direkt im Sensor und damit in der WZM. Eine einzelne Messung mit 9 Mio. 3D-Punkten wird im drahtlosen Betrieb innerhalb von weniger als einer Sekunde durchgeführt und ist in einer Gesamtzeit von 3 s ausgewertet auf einen externen Computer übertragen. Die Verwendung von Standard-Schnittstellen erlauben die einfache Integration von HoloPort in eine Vielzahl von WZM. Dieser Beitrag enthält einen Überblick über die Sensorarchitektur und zeigt anhand von experimentellen Ergebnissen an Frästeilen die Leistungsfähigkeit des Systems. Inline-Anwendungen sowie weitere Perspektiven, die der Sensor eröffnet, werden vorgestellt.
With the application of multiwavelength digital holography in rough environments such as machine tools, we cannot rely on the complete absence of vibrations. The evaluation of temporal phase-shifting in sections allows to determine and take into account random sub-wavelength tilt of the sensor with respect to a work piece. In this regard, measurements inside a machine tool are evaluated and discussed.
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