We have performed end-to-end laboratory and numerical simulations to demonstrate the capability of differential photometry under realistic operating conditions to detect transits of Earth-sized planets orbiting solar-like stars. Data acquisition and processing were conducted using the same methods planned for the proposed Kepler Mission. These included performing aperture photometry on large-format CCD images of an artificial star field obtained without a shutter at a readout rate of 1 megapixel/sec, detecting and removing cosmic rays from individual exposures and making the necessary corrections for nonlinearity and shutterless operation in the absence of darks. We will discuss the image processing tasks performed 'onboard" the simulated spacecraft, which yielded raw photometry and ancillary data used to monitor and correct for systematic effects, and the data processing and analysis tasks conducted to obtain lightcurves from the raw data and characterize the detectability of transits. The laboratory results are discussed along with the results of a numerical simulation carried out in parallel with the laboratory simulation. These two simulations demonstrate that a system-level differential photometric precision of 1 O on five-hour intervals can be achieved under realistic conditions.

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NOAA plans to build a Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) whose objectives are providing continuous, full-disk lightning measurements for storm warning and science applications. Due to limited telemetry bandwidth, much of the detection processing will be done autonomously.Since the contractor is responsible for the autonomously generated output, which is detection reports -not images, we took a design approach that did not stop with a signal to noise calculation but instead simultaneously considers the effects of hardware configurations and algorithm choices. Key requirements for GLM are the probability of detection (P D ) and probability of false alarm (P FA ). Our approach allows us to provide a system with the best P D and P FA performance and the best value. We have accomplished this by developing an analytical model that can find "knees-inthe curve" in our hardware configuration selections and an algorithm prototype that provides realistic end-to-end performance. These tools allow us to develop an optimal system since we have a good handle on realistic performance prior to launch.Our tools rely on descriptions of lightning phenomena embodied in probability densities we developed for the amplitude, temporal and spatial distribution of lightning optical pulses. The "analytic model" uses tabulated integration formulae and conventional numerical integration to implement an analytical solution for the P D estimate. The average P D is quickly computed, making the analytic model the choice for rapid evaluation of sensor design parameter effects.The "algorithm prototype" utilizes simulation, consisting of data cubes of time elapsed imagery containing lightning pulses and structured backgrounds, and prototyped detection and false alarm mitigation algorithms to estimate P D and P FA . This approach provides realistic performance by accounting for scene spatial structure and apparent motion.We discuss the design and function of these tools and show results indicating the variation of P D and P FA performance with changes in sensor and algorithm parameters and how we use these tools to improve our instrument design capabilities.