A long-term feeding trial was implemented on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to assess the effects of seven alternative oils on fish performance and fatty acid metabolism. The tested oils were as follows: monola (a high oleic acid canola cultivar; MO), canola (rapeseed; CO), poultry by-product (chicken fat; PbPO), palm (PO), sunflower (SFO), high oleic acid sunflower (HOSFO) and soybean (SBO). All tested oils were included at a 75% substitution level of fish oil (FO) and were compared with a control diet containing 100% FO. PO, and to a lesser extent PbPO, exhibited impaired performance and lower digestibility values. All treatments containing low levels of saturated fatty acids (namely MO, CO, SFO, HOSFO and SBO) recorded an apparent in vivo fatty acid de novo production. The apparent in vivo fatty acid b-oxidation was proportional to fatty acid dietary supply and limited apparent in vivo fatty acid bioconversion (elongation and desaturation) was recorded, primarily acting on n-6 PUFA. In all treatments, dietary 20:5n-3 was actively bioconverted into 22:6n-3. It was shown that when some FO is provided with the diet, the in vivo fatty acid metabolism plays a minor role in determining final fatty acid make-up of fish whole bodies.

Monola oil, a high oleic acid canola cultivar, and canola oil were evaluated as replacers of fish oil at three levels of inclusion (60%, 75% and 90%) in rainbow trout diets. After a 27-week grow-out cycle, the diet-induced effects on growth, fatty acid metabolism and final eating quality were assessed. Overall, no effects were noted for growth, feed utilisation or fish biometry, and the fatty acid composition of fish fillets mirrored that of the diets. Dietary treatments affected fillet lipid oxidation (free malondialdehyde), pigmentation and flavour volatile compounds, but only minor effects on sensorial attributes were detected. Ultimately, both oils were demonstrated to possess, to differing extents, suitable qualities to adequately replace fish oil from the perspective of fish performance and final product quality. However, further research is required to alleviate on-going issues associated with the loss of health promoting attributes (n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) of final farmed products.

A generative approach to language acquisition is no different from any other in assuming that target language input is crucial for language acquisition. This discussion note addresses the place of input in generative second language acquisition (SLA) research and the perception in the wider field of SLA research that generative SLA 'ignores' the input. This impression may have arisen because generative SLA researchers have tended not to systematically study quantitative distribution of input properties, nor qualitative properties of the input available to learners. We argue that precisely these sorts of studies would be at least beneficial, if not indispensable, to the development of a comprehensive (generative) theory of SLA. Furthermore, a welcome sideeffect of more systematic engagement with input would be potential for greater accessibility for generative SLA in the wider field of second language (L2) studies. Keywordsgenerative theory, input, second language acquisition, poverty of the stimulus, UG I IntroductionInput is a central concern for any model of language acquisition. A generative approach is no different from any other in so far as it assumes that target language input and how learners process that input are crucial for first and second language development. It is, therefore, surprising that there seems to be a persistent notion in the wider second language acquisition (SLA) research community that generative SLA ignores input. To

The effects of seven alternative oils on final product quality and production cost were assessed in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The tested oils were as follows: monola (a high oleic acid canola cultivar; MO), canola (rapeseed; CO), poultry by-product (chicken fat; PbPO), palm (PO), sunflower (SFO), high oleic acid sunflower (HOSFO) and soybean (SBO). Tested oils were included at a 75% substitution level of fish oil and were compared with a control diet containing 100% fish oil (FO). Fillets of trout fed FO contained a 2.8-fold higher amount of EPA + DHA in comparison with fish fed the alternative oils, whilst the n-6/n-3 ratios varied from 0.2 in FO to 3.67 in SFO. Fillet pigmentation was highly affected by the different dietary treatments, as was the refrigerated product shelf-life. Fillets of trout fed FO recorded significantly higher lipid peroxidation at days 6 and 9 of refrigeration compared with the other treatments. The fillet flavour volatile compounds were significantly affected by the treatments, but no differences were detected by the panellists in the sensorial analysis. A discrepancy between production costs at 'feed mill' or 'on-farm' was recorded, suggesting that FO replacement may result in no real economic benefit.

This article investigates the transfer of verb-second syntax (V2) from L1 German and Dutch into L2 English. A comparative learner corpus analysis between L1 German, Dutch and French, and native English writing reveals that the German and Dutch speakers produce distinct patterns of inversion in declarative clauses, indicating the transfer of V2. They produce non-target subject–auxiliary inversion and copula inversion. However, other reflexes of V2 in interrogatives or with sentential negation are not produced. This is analysed as evidence that the German and Dutch learners have mastered the syntax of English but transfer continues to occur at the level of discourse-pragmatics, where L1 preferences for topicalization structures continue to transfer. This is in line with predictions of the Interface Hypothesis in second language acquisition, which assumes that the interfaces of syntax with other modules of the grammar are more difficult to acquire and may continue to show L1 effects even after the narrow syntax has been mastered.