The article deals with the possibility of georeferencing old multi-sheet map works. Various approaches to problem solving and a workable method for using the least squares method with the conditions of the adjacency of map sheets are discussed. To increase reliability, the IRLS robust statistical method is used, which uses iterative weighting of individual measurements based on Huber’s M-estimate. The method is applied to the First Military Mapping of the Habsburg monarchy as a typical representative of old topographic maps, which are not easy to georeference due to unknown parameters of the used cartographic projection. A georeferenced layer of the above mentioned mapping is available on the Mapire.eu portal as well. A basic analysis of the comparison of georeferencing results using our method and the mentioned portal is performed.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Within the framework of the project “Vltava – transformation of historical landscape as a result of floods, dams creation and land-use changes along with cultural and social activities in the river neighbourhood” funded by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic, we deal with many aspects of the Vltava River, considering the significant changes that have taken place in its history. In this paper, we are focusing on the reconstruction of the historic Vltava valley as of 1950s, the period just before the construction of the dam reservoirs cascade on the Vltava River. The aim is to create DTM, which will be the basis of visualizations and analyses of the old river bed.</p>

Archival spatial data sources (maps and aerial photographs) allow reconstruction and 3D visualization of landscapes that have been altered by human activity. This article is dedicated to the reconstruction of the 300 km‐long pre‐dam valley of the Vltava River (Czech Republic, Europe) inundated by nine reservoirs built between 1930 and 1992. We used methods based on archival aerial photographs and old maps to reconstruct pre‐dam georelief, which is exceptional because the total area subject to the reconstruction is 1,670 km2. We found that old maps are preferred for terrain reconstruction. The map series “State Map Derived 1:5,000” released between 1950 and 1959 was chosen as the most suitable data source for the pre‐dam valley reconstruction because this map series covers the entire area of interest with elevation information. Based on the processed maps, more than 26,000 km of contour lines were derived by semi‐automatic vectorization. The resulting pre‐dam digital elevation model (DEM) was created using a combination of interpolation techniques. We demonstrated that the methods used for georelief reconstruction under standard conditions should be used carefully while working with such large areas. Geostatistical analysis was performed to verify the accuracy of the resulting DEM. The differences between the model and LiDAR surveyed data were analyzed from three points of view: spatial autocorrelation, normality, and elevation stability. We tested several 3D printing methods for producing a realistic 3D model with a texture applied. The computer numerical control (CNC) milling method was chosen to produce 3D models of the three reservoirs at scales of 1:8,000 and 1:6,000.

Iconographic sources depicting Thirty Years' War battlefields in the Czech