Atherosclerosis is a inflammatory-immunological-degenerative process. Cardiovascular diseases account for 42% of premature deaths among men and 52% of premature deaths among woman. Identification of classical biomarkers of atherosclerosis, such as LDL, HDL and triglycerides may not be helpful in patients with moderate or unusual cardiovascular risk. Non-classical indicators of atherosclerosis include markers of the inflammatory process, markers of atherosclerotic plaque injury, acute phase proteins, ischemic markers, markers of tissue necrosis, markers of myocardial dysfunction. The identification of CVD biomarkers enables the classification of patients to appropriate cardiovascular risk groups. Knowledge about the CVD risk group makes it possible to take rapid therapeutic intervention aimed at limiting this risk. Pharmacotherapy for cardiovascular diseases is primarily based on lowering cholesterol's level in the blood. Additional properties of statins (the most important lipid-lowering drugs) enable their pleiotropic effect by limiting the progression of atherosclerotic lesions by reducing the volume of atherosclerotic plaque. Further research on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis will allow learning new risk factors and new biomarkers of this disease.
Introduction: Monitoring of lung function during pneumonia is essential for the evaluation of the effectiveness of therapy in ICU patients. Among various bedside techniques, two particularly interesting are the lung ultrasound and the transpulmonary thermodilution technique. In this observational single center study we wanted to assess the correlation between the lung ultrasound examination (LUS) and transpulmonary thermodilution volumetric parameters such as extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) and pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPI). Material and methods: We analyzed data obtained from medical history of twelve patients requiring mechanical ventilation and hemodynamics monitoring with PICCO catheter due to newly diagnosed pneumonia. We compared lung ultrasound examination performed on the first and third day of new antimicrobial therapy with results of transpulmonary thermodilution examination made on the same day. We also calculated the difference between values obtained on first and third day to compare the trends. Results: We did not find any association between tested variables, except a correlation between PVPI and EVLWI, both measured at the same day (Rho = 0.3; 95%CI-0.02-0.59; p = 0.03), and trends in the period of 3 days (Rho = 0.6; 95%CI 0.2-0.8; p = 0.005). Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that volumetric values achieved using the PiCCO method as well as lung ultrasound should be interpreted with care and related to the clinical state of a patient, keeping in mind that no correlation between the result achieved and the actual state of inflammatory changes in the lungs may be possible.
Wstęp: Do oceny skuteczności terapii u pacjentów leczonych z powodu zapalenia płuc na oddziałach intensywnej terapii niezbędne jest monitorowanie czynności płuc. Spośród technik przyłóżkowych szczególnie interesujące są ultrasonografia płuc oraz technika termodylucji przezpłucnej. Celem jednoośrodkowego badania obserwacyjnego była ocena korelacji pomiędzy badaniem ultrasonograficznym płuc (LUS, lung ultrasound examination) a parametrami objętościowymi termodylucji przezpłucnej, takimi jak wskaźnik pozanaczyniowej wody wewnątrzpłucnej (EVLWI, extravascular lung water index) i wskaźnik przepuszczalności naczyń płucnych (PVPI, pulmonary vascular permeability index). Materiał i metody: Przeanalizowano dane medyczne dwunastu pacjentów wymagających wentylacji mechanicznej i monitorowania hemodynamicznego metodą PiCCO (pulse index continuous cardiac output) z powodu świeżo rozpoznanego zapalenia płuc. Porównano wyniki badań ultrasonograficzych płuc przeprowadzonych w pierwszym i trzecim dniu terapii przeciwbakteryjnej z wartościami uzyskanymi metodą termodylucji przezpłucnej, wykonanymi w tych samych dniach. W celu oceny trendów obliczono różnicę między wartościami uzyskanymi w pierwszym i trzecim dniu. Wyniki: Nie znaleziono korelacji pomiędzy badanymi zmiennymi, z wyjątkiem korelacji między PVPI i EVLWI, zarówno mierzonymi w tym samym dniu (Rho = 0.3; 95% CI −0.02–0.59; p = 0.03), jak i w trzydniowym trendzie (Rho = 0.6; 95% CI 0.2–0.8; p = 0.005). Wnioski: Wyniki badania wskazują, że parametry wolumetryczne uzyskane za pomocą metody PiCCO oraz badanie USG płuc powinny być interpretowane ostrożnie i z uwzględnieniem stanu klinicznego pacjenta, pamiętając, że możliwy jest brak korelacji między uzyskanymi wynikami a rzeczywistym stanem zmian zapalnych w płucach.
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