The reliability of diagnosis was high. The rates of all subtypes of ADHD decreased. More measures need to be taken in terms of differential diagnosis of ADHD and Asperger's Syndrome.

The results show that there is a connection between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and the hyperactivity in AN patients.

Until the end of the nineties last century personality disorders could not be diagnosed before the age of eighteen. Nevertheless, the results of studies published in the last decade have revealed that personality disorders can be observed in children and adolescents and that personality disorders diagnosed in adult patients had been present as early as in childhood. The knowledge of possible mechanisms shaping personality disorders in childhood is unsatisfactory and needs to be expanded. Developmental psychology explains the development of abnormal personality through inappropriate attachment patterns and abnormal transitions between developmental phases. Genetic and temperamental factors are also important in the aetiology of personality disorders as well as early maladaptive schemas resulting from personal experiences and interactions with others. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge on the mechanisms shaping the development of personality and personality disorders in childhood and adolescence.

Adult personality disorders are well recognized and described in the literature. The discussion about the possibility of the presence of personality disorders in adolescents started about 20 years ago. Some authors claim the before the age of 18 it is only possible to identify precursors of future personality disorders and such a standpoint is reflected in diagnostic criteria. This is based on the assumption that personality in adolescence is still not well established. Consequently, the criterion on the persistence of symptoms for the period of time cannot be met (the persistence of symptoms of personality disorders for the period of at least two years). Other approach postulates that problems presented in adolescence should not be exclusively limited to Axis I according to DSM. The proponents of this approach claim that current diagnostic tools are not adjusted to adolescents, thus it is very difficult to measure stability and persistence of symptoms in this age group. This paper presents literature review on personality disorders in adolescence.

Cel pracyocena zmian w zakresie ogólnego stanu zdrowia, poczucia koherencji oraz stylów radzenia sobie ze stresem rodziców dzieci i młodzieży z ADHD, uczestniczących w 12-tygodniowych ‘Warsztatach dla rodziców dzieci nadpobudliwych’.Metodagrupę eksperymentalną stanowiło n=186 matek i n=139 ojców (rodzice n=199 dzieci), a grupę odniesienia n=23 matki i n=19 ojców (rodzice n=24 dzieci), uczestniczących w okresie 12-tygodni w 1-2 standardowych wizytach lekarskich (teratment as usual). Rodzice z obu grup zostali poddani dwukrotnemu badaniu z zastosowaniem (1) kwestionariusza Ogólnego Stanu Zdrowia GHQ, (2) kwestionariusza Orientacji Życiowej SOC-29 oraz (3) kwestionariusza radzenia sobie w sytuacjach stresowych CISS.Wyniki(1) w grupie eksperymentalnej wykazano istotną poprawę w zakresie nasilenia objawów somatycznych i niepokoju/bezsenności u matek oraz ogólnego samopoczucia matek oraz ojców, wpływ na poczucie zaradności matek oraz redukuję poziomu emocjonalnego stylu radzenia sobie ze stresem matek; (2) uczestnictwo w warsztatach w ocenie matek wiązało się z istotnym statystycznie efektem (najczęściej umiarkowany) w odniesieniu do ich ogólnego stanu zdrowia, zaś oddziaływania typu as usual wiązały się w większości z efektem małym lub nieznaczącym.WnioskiOceniana forma oddziaływań wpływa na poprawę funkcjonowania rodziców dzieci z ADHD.