The rapid development of additive manufacturing has fueled a revolution in various research fields and industrial applications. Among the myriad of advanced three-dimensional printing techniques, two-photon polymerization lithography (TPL) uniquely offers a significant electron microscope (SEM) images of SMP structures before and after programming and after recovery, respectively. Reproduced under terms of the CC-BY license. [114] Copyright 2021, The Authors, published by Nature Publishing Group. b) Stiff SMPs for high-resolution reversible nanophotonics. I-II) The deformed and recovered nanopillars under optical microscope and SEM, respectively. Reproduced with permission. [115] Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. c) Vapor-responsive photonic arrays. I-IV) Optical image of a grid array in air, in water vapors ~ 20 s, saturation with water vapors ~ 88s, and after the gas flow stopped, respectively.Reproduced under terms of the CC-BY license. [116] Copyright 2021, The Authors, published by Royal Society of Chemistry. d) SEM image of a 40-layer face-cantered-cubic photonic structure printed by SU-8. Reproduced with permission. [117] Copyright 2004, Nature Publishing Group. e) SEM image of helices with an axial pitch of 800 nm and a radius of 800 nm fabricated by the two-step absorption photoresist. Reproduced with permission. [118]

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Dust polarization at (sub)millimeter wavelengths has been observed for many protoplanetary disks. Theoretically, multiple origins potentially contribute to the polarized emission but it is still uncertain what mechanism is dominant in disk millimeter polarization. To quantitatively address the origin, we perform radiative transfer calculations of the mixture of alignment and self-scattering-induced polarization to reproduce the 3.1 mm polarization of the HL Tau disk, which shows azimuthal pattern in polarization vectors. We find that a mixture of the grain alignment and self-scattering is essential to reproduce the HL Tau 3.1 mm polarization properties. Our model shows that the polarization of the HL Tau at 3.1 mm can be decomposed to be the combination of the self-scattering parallel to the minor axis and the alignment-induced polarization parallel to the major axis, with the orders of  ∼ 0.5% fraction for each component. This slightly eases the tight constraints on the grain size of ∼ 70 μm to be  ∼ 130 μm in the previous studies but further modeling is needed. In addition, the grain alignment model requires effectively prolate grains but the physics to reproduce it in protoplanetary disks is still a mystery.

The photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 was performed with p-type silicon (p-Si) electrodes modified with very small Cu particles. Hydrocarbons such as methane and ethylene were produced together with CO and HCOOH similar to the case of a Cu-metal electrode, but at potentials ca. 0.4 V more positive than the Cu-metal electrode, clearly showing that the photovoltage generated in the p-Si is effectively utilized for the CO2 reduction. On the contrary, p-Si electrodes coated with continuous Cu layers as well as naked p-Si electrodes showed no such photo-shifts in potential.