Image-guided surgery plays a crucial role in realizing complete tumor removal, reducing postoperative recurrence and increasing patient survival. However, imaging of tumor lesion in the typical metabolic organs, e.g., kidney and liver, still has great challenges due to the intrinsic nonspecific accumulation of imaging probes in those organs. Herein, we report an in situ self-assembled near-infrared (NIR) peptide probe with tumor-specific excretion-retarded (TER) effect in tumor lesions, enabling high-performance imaging of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and achieving complete tumor removal, ultimately reducing postoperative recurrence. The NIR peptide probe first specifically recognizes αvβ3 integrin overexpressed in renal cancer cells, then is cleaved by MMP-2/9, which is up-regulated in the tumor microenvironment. The probe residue spontaneously self-assembles into nanofibers that exhibit an excretion-retarded effect in the kidney, which contributes to a high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in orthotopic RCC mice. Intriguingly, the TER effect also enables precisely identifying eye-invisible tiny lesions (<1 mm), which contributes to complete tumor removal and significantly reduces the postoperative recurrence compared with traditional surgery. Finally, the TER strategy is successfully employed in high-performance identification of human RCC in an ex vivo kidney perfusion model. Taken together, this NIR peptide probe based on the TER strategy is a promising method for detecting tumors in metabolic organs in diverse biomedical applications.

In the delivery system, high‐performance targeting and local burst‐releasing of antibiotics enable the enhancement of antipathogen efficacy and reduction of drug‐resistance risk. Bacteria cell wall driven self‐disassembled nanovesicles (BSNs) composed of a dense H‐aggregated cyanine bilayer are herein reported. The nanovesicle displays the trigger‐disassembly and turn‐on near infrared (NIR) fluorescence property activated by Gram‐positive bacteria. Mechanistic studies indicate that the interaction between nanovesicles and lipoteinchoic acid within the bacterial cell wall disrupts nanovesicles and the free cyanine molecules insert into the network of peptidoglycan, which brings recovered fluorescence. Meanwhile, owing to the burst release of the oritavancin antibiotic payload inside the nanovesicle, the minimum inhibitory concentration of oritavancin is significantly reduced by fourfold compared to that of the free one. Intriguingly, this smart nanoantibiotic effectively enhances the defense against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus both in vitro and in vivo, meanwhile the NIR fluorescence signal enables quantitative bioimaging of the therapuetic outcome.