Background It is hypothesized that periodontal status is compromised and whole salivary (WS) interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-18 levels are higher among cigarette-smokers and electronic-nicotine-delivery-systems (ENDS)-users than never-smokers. The aim of the present case–control study was to compare the periodontal status and WS IL-15 and -18 levels among cigarette-smokers, ENDS-users and controls (never-smokers). Methods Participants were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group-1:Current cigarette-smokers; Group-2:ENDS-users; Group-3:Never-smokers with periodontitis; and Group-4: Never-smokers without periodontitis. Demographic data was collected and plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing-depth (PD), clinical attachment-loss (AL), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured. Number of missing teeth were recorded and WS IL-15 and IL-18 levels were determined. Group-comparisons were done and P < 0.01 was selected as an indicator of statistical analysis. Results Nineteen, 18, 19 and 19 individuals were enrolled in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Scores of PI, clinical AL, PD, and number of missing-teeth were elevated in groups 1(P < 0.001), 2 (P < 0.001) and 3 (P < 0.001) than -4. Scores of PI, clinical AL, PD, MBL and missing teeth were comparable among patients in groups 1, 2 and 3. Levels of IL-15 and IL-18 were elevated in groups 1 (P < 0.001) and 2 (P < 0.001) than groups 3 and 4. The levels of IL-15 and -18 were higher in Group-3 than in Group-4 (P < 0.001). Conclusion Clinically, cigarette-smokers and never-smokers demonstrate similar periodontal statuses; however, WS immunoinflammatory biomarkers (IL-15 and -18) are elevated in these individuals than non-smokers.

Background The aim was to assess the association between levels of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and periodontal parameters among cigarette-smokers and waterpipe-users. Methods Self-reported cigarette-smokers; waterpipe-users and never-smokers were included. Demographic data was recorded using a questionnaire. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], clinical attachment loss [AL], probing depth [PD], and marginal bone loss [MBL]) were assessed in all groups. The GCF samples were collected using standard techniques and assessed for AGEs levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sample-size estimation was done and group-comparisons were done. Correlation between levels of GCF AGEs levels and periodontal parameters was assessed using a logistic regression model. Level of significance was set at P < 0.01. Results Eighty-two individuals (28 cigarette-smokers, 28 waterpipe-users and 26 never-smokers) were included. There was no difference in mean ages of all patients. Cigarette-smokers had a smoking history of 5.1 ± 0.2 pack years and waterpipe-users were using waterpipe for 4.4 ± 0.6 years. There was no statistically significant difference in PI, GI, clinical AL, PD and MBL in all groups. Levels of AGEs were significantly higher among cigarette-smokers (P < 0.001) and waterpipe-users (P < 0.001) than never-smokers. There was no significant correlation between levels of GCF AGEs levels and periodontal parameters in all groups. Conclusion Clinical periodontal status of individuals with a short history of cigarette-smoking and waterpipe-usage may appear similar to never-smokers. On a molecular level, cigarette-smoking and waterpipe-users express raised levels of AGEs than never-smokers that sirens about the ongoing yet latent periodontal inflammatory process.

El tumor odontogénico primordial (TOP) es un tumor odontogénico benigno mixto, descrito por primera vez en el 2014 por el Dr. Mosqueda Taylor y considerado como tal en la última clasificación de tumores de cabeza y cuello de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Clínicamente se presenta como una lesión radiolúcida, bien definida, próxima a la corona de una pieza no erupcionada, pudiendo provocar expansión ósea, reabsorción radicular y desplazamiento de piezas vecinas. Presenta predilección por el sector posterior mandibular, el género masculino y en un rango etario de 2-19 años. Histopatológicamente presenta un tejido fibroso laxo con áreas similares a la papila dental, cubierto por un epitelio cuboide-columnar, que se asemeja al epitelio interno del órgano del esmalte, y se encuentra rodeado al menos parcialmente por una cápsula fibrosa. Objetivo: investigar la posible histogénesis y comportamiento biológico de TOP mediante el análisis inmunohistoquímico de sus componentes epitelial y mesenquimático, aplicando un amplio panel de anticuerpos. Materiales y métodos: se evaluaron 4 casos de TOP con un panel de 23 anticuerpos. Resultados. Las células epiteliales mostraron positividad en toda su extensión para citoqueratina 14 y 19, mientras que los anticuerpos amelogenina, glut-1, moc-31, caveolina-1, galectina-3, PITX2, p53, bax, bcl2, Survivina y PTEN presentaron positividad en áreas focales. El componente mesenquimático tumoral presentó positividad para vimentina, CD-138, PITX2, CD-105, CD-34, ciclina D1, bax, bcl-2, Survivina y p53. BRAFV600E y calretinina fueron negativos para todas las muestras. Los marcadores de proliferación celular Ki-67 y MCM-7 se expresaron en menos del 5% de las células tumorales. Conclusión: de acuerdo con los resultados inmunohistoquímicos podemos sugerir que TOP es un tumor que se desarrolla en las etapas inmaduras, o primordiales, de la odontogénesis, presentando zonas focales con diferentes grados de maduración y un bajo índice de proliferación celular.