SBE is not only easy to perform, due to the single balloon, but it can also safely examine the deep small intestine. Therefore, SBE may be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in addition to DBE for investigating suspected small bowel disease.

Delayed hyperemia occurs in humans after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Our data suggest that this delayed hyperemia can lead to intracranial hypertension and occasionally acute brain swelling, contributing to a poor outcome. A high mean flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery with a low ratio of mean flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery to mean flow velocity of the internal carotid artery may be predictive of critical hyperemia. As an indirect method of measuring cerebral blood flow transcranial Doppler sonography can be used to adjust treatment for failure of cerebral perfusion after resuscitation.

A 59-year-old man presented with a rare intracranial meningeal melanocytoma in the left cerebellopontine angle. The patient underwent partial surgical excision and radiosurgery for successful control of the tumor. Meningeal melanocytoma is an essentially benign melanotic tumor, derived from the melanocytes of the leptomeninges, and may occur anywhere in the cranial and spinal meninges. Preoperative differential diagnosis of intracranial meningeal melanocytoma from malignant melanoma is difficult based on magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrastructural findings are essential to establish the diagnosis. The prognosis of this tumor is not always favorable with occasional local recurrence. Total resection is the best treatment, but gamma knife radiosurgery is effective for the residual tumor following partial resection.

Ischemic intolerance for severe carotid artery stenosis and temporary neuroprotective balloon occlusion, causing reperfusion injury, seem to be the main factors that underlie BBB disruption with delayed CSF space enhancement shortly after CAS, rather than sudden poststenting hemodynamic change. Our results suggest that factors related to hemodynamic instability or ischemic intolerance seem to be associated with post-CAS BBB vulnerability. Patients at risk for hemodynamic instability or with ischemic intolerance, which decrease BBB integrity, require careful management to prevent intracranial hemorrhagic and other post-CAS complications.

Cerebral fat embolism syndrome is an uncommon complication of trauma. We present a patient who developed cerebral fat embolism syndrome secondary to long-bone fractures. Although computed tomography of the brain failed to show any intracranial lesion, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected scattered, high-signal-intensity lesions on T2-weighted images. 99mTc-d, 1-hexamethyl-propylene amine oxine single photon emission computed tomography (99mTc-HMPAO SPECT) and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) demonstrated low cerebral blood flow in the acute stage. MRI, 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT, and TCD correlated well with the clinical course of cerebral fat embolism syndrome.