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In our project, which is called the "Pocket Money Project," researchers from the four East Asian counties, Japan, Korea, China, and Vietnam, jointly conducted research in various combinations on the relationship between money and children in each country. In this paper, we outline the results of the project. First, we summarize the three main findings: life in consumer society, the structure of parentchild relationships, and that of peer relationships for children in these four countries. Second, we propose the theoretical framework of our "cultural psychology of differences," which we call an "expanded mediational structure (EMS)," based on the results. The "cultural psychology of differences" aims not to extract crystallized culture as a substance but to show the possibility of understanding a different culture with a prescription to handle and analyze the process in which it is being crystallized, and through this, ultimately to show a way of practice to understand different cultures.

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Masako Takaoka is a cognitive and development psychologist in Japan. She studies human memory and memory development and is especially interested in cognitive factors in false memory for personal information.ABSTRACT In this pape1; the authors demonstrate how false eyewitness testimonies were created throltgh a joint remembering between children and adult intervieuters. Ten five-year-old children participated in an event at their hindergarten: a threeyear-old boy came to the kindergarten and played with them, but left while they were watching a video. A week latet; three pairs of interviewers interviewed children on the event. They repeated the interview five times all different days. The interviewers were misiniormed beforehand that Taka, a female adult familiar to the children, took the boy away. Actually, however, the boy was taken away by a teacher. Although the interviewers conducted a fair interview without using leading question, false iniormation was created. The interviewers seemed to pick Itp the iniormation which was consistent with their knowledge. Also, children 5 testimonies changed in response to the interviewers' questions and responses. Furthermore, children filled in the gap /Ising their own schema and script.

I will make a brief comment on the thesis of José C. Loredo-Narciandi and José C. Sánchez-González (2012) "Neither Dichotomies Nor Dualism; Simply Genesis". Denying any reductionism and reification, they insists the importance of inseparable relation between subject and object, then discuss about genesis. I pointed out that their argument lacks an important element, i.e., mediator that differ from mere physical object. After discussing mediators nature, I discriminate the three level of interaction which mediated by mediator. The first is the pre-interaction level, the second is physical interaction level and the third is sign or language interaction level. The last argument of mine is about how we can solve the problem of reification and reductionism. In the argument it is pointed out that intersubjectivity is key concept for understanding and solving the problem appropriately.