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An accurate energy factor for the conversion of fuel chemical energy into mechanical energy by an engine is necessary to adequately calculate changes on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission when reducing mechanical loads. Reductions of mechanical loads can be reached by several ways, such as using an efficient alternator, LED illumination replacing incandescent lamps, and solar photovoltaic roof (European Commission, 2017). The energy factor can be calculated from dividing the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC, g/kW h) by the fuel density (g/L). The concept that the energy factor, given in L/kW h, is inversely proportional to fuel energy density can be used to non-conventional fuels, such as gasoline-ethanol blends. Fuels with lower energy density, such as ethanol and its blends with gasoline, present high energy factors since more volume of fuel is needed to produce the same amount of unitary mechanical energy at the engine crankshaft. Therefore, fuel-dependent energy factors can be calculated by interpolating the respective heat values of the single fuels that composes the fuel blend.

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