baseline, electricity generation, CDM, Kyoto Protocol, Vietnam, UNFCCC,

For projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a baseline has to be set to allow calculation of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions achieved. An important obstacle to CDM project development is the lack of data for baseline definition; often project developers do not have access to data and therefore incur high transaction costs to collect them. The government of Vietnam has set up all necessary institutions for CDM, wants to promote CDM projects and thus is interested to reduce transaction costs. We calculate emission factors of the Vietnam electricity grid according to the rules defined by the CDM Executive Board for small scale projects and for large renewable electricity generation projects. The emission factors lie between 365 and 899 g CO 2 /kWh depending on the specification. The weighted operating and build margin reaches 600 g for 2003, while grid average reaches 399 g. Using three-year averages, a combined build and operating margin of 705 g is calculated. We hope that these data facilitate CDM project development in the electricity supply and energy efficiency improvement in Vietnam.

The article proposed the concept of multivalue positive Boolean dependencies by groups in the database model of block form, proved the equivalence of three types derived: m-deduction by logic, m-deduction in groups by block, m-deduction in groups by block not exceeding p elements,, necessary and sufficient conditions for a block to be a m-tight representation by groups of a set of multivalue positive Boolean dependencies by groups on the block ... In addition, some properties multivalue positive Boolean dependencies by groups have been stated and proved here.

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We use variational method to examine buckling of chiral elastic rings spanned by fluid films. We find that the critical surface tension of the fluid film at which buckling occurs depends on the degree of chirality, regardless whether the ring possesses left-handed chirality or right-handed chirality. Additionally, the chirality always has a destabilizing effect on buckling, yielding to buckle at a critical surface tension smaller than that of the achiral elastic rings. The destabilizing effect of chirality, however, can be reduced by increasing the twisting rigidity to bending rigidity of filaments (twist-to-bend ratio).