This paper develops and tests a theory that in states with judicial elections, criminal justice outcomes will be more punitive than in states without elections. Leveraging a data set previously unused in the judicial politics literature, I estimate time-series regressions of state sentencing and incarceration rates over a 38-year period while distinguishing between types of judicial elections to establish support for the theory. I find that states where trial judges are reelected are generally more punitive than states without judicial elections, and this punitiveness is in response to the public’s ideological preferences, indicating that elections serve as an important judicial accountability mechanism for citizens.

A ten-year-old miniature Dachshund dog was presented for chronic paroxysmal sneezing and unilateral nasal discharge. Extraction of the maxillary right fourth premolar tooth had been performed 2-weeks prior to the onset of clinical signs. Multiple diagnostic modalities were used to confirm the diagnosis and determine that the etiology was a nasally displaced mesiopalatal tooth root. A limited lateral rhinotomy was performed to remove the root. Postoperative examination 1-month following surgery indicated resolution of the clinical signs and uncomplicated healing of the surgery site. Oral examination indicated normal healing of the surgery site with continued absence of clinical signs 6-months after treatment.

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The chapter examines the current state of print, electronic, and social media in Europe and the US, and how its evolution has influenced mass behaviour, political representation, and democratic governance. We begin by surveying the dramatic changes that have taken place in the media environment—the shift in media technology from print to broadcast to the Internet, and how these changes influence the information environment and thus, the behaviour of citizens and elites. We then assess how various facets of the electronic media—that is, broadcast news, cable, partisan news, the Internet, and social media—influence political behaviour and representation. Despite a few exceptions, transformations in print, electronic, and social media in liberal democracies have tended to degrade the quality of representation in the last two decades, particularly in the US, where market forces are stronger and government regulations designed to buffer the market are weaker.