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A novel design of a blood cleaner on-chip using an optical waveguide known as a PANDA ring resonator is proposed. By controlling some suitable parameters, the optical vortices (gradient optical fields/wells) can be generated and used to form the trapping tools in the same way as optical tweezers. In operation, the trapping force is formed by the combination between the gradient field and scattering photons by using the intense optical vortices generated within the PANDA ring resonator. This can be used for blood waste trapping and moves dynamically within the blood cleaner on-chip system (artificial kidney), and is performed within the wavelength routers. Finally, the blood quality test is exploited by the external probe before sending to the destination. The advantage of the proposed kidney on-chip system is that the unwanted substances can be trapped and filtered from the artificial kidney, which can be available for blood cleaning applications.

Recent years have seen tremendous change in the commercial prospects for gold‐based heterogeneous catalysts. Significant technological progress has been made, but the economic situation has become an increasingly important consideration as the gold price has risen to record levels. In this chapter, we have used secondary data such as papers, patents, press releases and other corporate material to review the landscape for gold‐based catalysts in early 2013, analysing current commercialised processes, near‐to‐market opportunities and likely areas of future interest.

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