Indonesia dikenal memiliki tingkat keragaman hayati yang tinggi. Keragaman hayati tanaman di Indonesia merupakan potensi yang dapat dikembangkan dan bernilai tinggi. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan adalah gandaria. Gandaria merupakan tanaman yang dapat tumbuh tinggi. Sebagai salah satu tanaman asli Indonesia, gandaria dimanfaatkan mulai dari buah, daun, hingga batangnya. Pemanfaatan yang optimal dari tanaman gandaria dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomis. Secara ekologi, gandaria menyebar mulai dari kawasan pantai hingga dataran tinggi. Gandaria merupakan tumbuhan tropik basah dan dapat tumbuh pada tanah yang ringan dan subur. Gandaria mudah beradaptasi pada lingkungan budidayanya dan merupakan salah satu komoditas buah-buahan tropis yang berpotensi baik. Kata kunci : ekologi, gandaria, tanaman

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is a member of the Rutaceae family which is spread in the regions of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. In the territory of Indonesia, andaliman is spread in the highlands of North Sumatra and parts of Aceh. Andaliman is a spice plant that is usually used as a spice for the Batak tribe in North Sumatra. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of andaliman habitat in North Sumatra. A total of 169 samples from 8 regencies in North Sumatra analyzed habitat characteristics using the ArcGis 10.3 program using various ecological data. The results showed that andaliman was widely distributed in the highlands in North Sumatra. Andaliman inhabits 4 soil types, namely Humic Acrisols (36.09%), Orthic Acrisols (34.31%), Humic Cambisols (18.34%), and Orthic Ferralsols (11.24%), 7 Types of land cover namely dry land agriculture (81.06%), open soil (0.59%), rice fields (6.5%), settlements (2.9%), secondary dryland forests (4.73%), shrubs (3.55%), and industrial plantations (0.59%). Andaliman inhabits a limited elevation between 854-2676 m above sea level. The highest number in elevation 1161-1526 (76.92%), 854-1160 (14.20%), 1527-1968 (7.69%), 1969-2676 (0.59%). In rainfall ecology variables, Andaliman occupies an area with rainfall between 1500-4000 mm/year. The highest number occupies rainfall between 1500-2000 (8.87%), 2000-2500 (83.43%), 2500-3000 (5.91%), 3000-3500 (0.59%), and 3500-4000 (0.59%) mm/annual. Most of Andaliman grew in areas with Critical land types (69.23%), rather critical (25.44%), critical potential (3.55%) and very critical (1.18%). Andaliman occupies a limited habitat character so that the right steps are needed in his conservation efforts. This research is expected to become important information in the conservation and cultivation efforts of andaliman in North Sumatra.

Abstract. Harsono T, Pasaribu N, Sobir, Fitmawati, Prasetya E. 2017. Phylogenetic analysis of Indonesian gandaria (Bouea) using molecular markers of cpDNA . Genus Bouea is a member of the Family Anacardiaceae which is widespread in Malesia region. Genus Bouea consists of two types, namely, B. oppositifolia (Roxb.) Adelb. and B. macrophylla Griffit. This study aims to uncover the genetic diversity of Bouea in Indonesia based on molecular markers of cpDNA trnL-F intergenic spacer. The samples of genetic material analyzed are 7 accessions of B. oppositifolia and 8 accessions of B. macrophylla coming from the collection of the Bogor Botanical Gardens and the field exploration activity in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Ambon, and Anacardium occidentale and Mangifera indica are also used as an out-group comparator. Based on phylogenetic analysis using the maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining method, genus Bouea is a monophyletic group or is derived from the same ancestor. Bouea derived from Gunung Tua, North Sumatra, has the longest branch and showed up earlier than the other sample so it can be considered that the ancestor of genus Bouea. B. oppositifolia has branches longer and show up early so it can be considered the ancestor of B. macrophylla. Both types of genera Bouea grouped separately in the phylogenetic tree and supports grouping types in genera Bouea. The results of phylogenetic tree construction do not indicate a geographical grouping of accession. Based on the phylogenetic tree, genus Bouea has a closer relationship with Anacardium occidentale compared with Mangifera indica. The results showed that the markers cpDNA trnL-F intergenic spacer effectively used to determine relationship in genus Bouea.

Abstrak. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan karakter dan hasil belajar mahasiswa yang meliputi: pembelajaran berdasarkan masalah, pembelajaran kooperatif dengan berbagai tipe, dan inquiry training, melalui penyusunan perangkat pembelajaran untuk beberapa komptensi dasar mata kuliah Fisika Umum dengan model-model pembelajaran berbasis karakter. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian pengembangan. Perangkat pembelajaran yang disusun meliputi (1) silabus, (2) rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP), (3) bahan ajar, (4) lembar kerja mahasiswa (LKM), dan (5) pedoman/alat evaluasi. Target khusus yang ingin dicapai adalah (1) peningkatan hasil belajar mahasiswa, dan (2) mengembangkan karakter mahasiswa antara lain sikap jujur, tanggung jawab, disiplin, berlaku hormat, kerjasama, kemampuan berkomunikasi dan kreativitas. Abstract. The main objective of this research is to improve the character and student learning outcomes that include: problem based learning, cooperative learning with a variety of types, and inquiry training, through the development of learning tools for some basic competency courses of General Physics with models based learning character. This type of research is the development of research. The device includes structured learning (1) syllabus, (2) learning implementation plan (RPP), (3) instructional materials, (4) student worksheet (MFI), and (5) guidelines/evaluation tool. Specific targets to be achieved are (1) improvement of student learning outcomes, and (2) developing the character of students, among others, honesty, responsibility, discipline, true respect, teamwork, communication skills and creativity.

This study aims to determine the level of student learning difficulties based on cognitive aspects on the subject matter digestive system food grade XI IPA MAN in the city of Medan learning year 2016/2017. Students' learning difficulties were obtained through questionnaires and validated tests, students with learning difficulties were students who scored below the KKM. The sample in this research is 118 people consisting of 48 0rang class XI Mia-6 MAN 1 Medan, 41 class XI IPA MAN 2 Model Medan and 29 class XI Mia-5 MAN 3 Medan taken by cluter random from population sample. Based on data analysis descriptively obtained level of student's learning difficulties on food digestive system material class XI IPA MAN in Medan city of learning year 2016/2017 Degree of student's learning difficulties in material digestive system of food in class XI IPA MAN in Medan city year of study 2016/2017 obtained The highest percentage of learning difficulty is found in Man 2 Field model is C1, C2, C3 aspect Including high C4 aspect category and C5 aspect is very high category, while in Man 3 Medan C1 aspect is high as aspect C2, C3, C4, C5 Imperative In the category of low and in Man 1 Medan entered in the moderate category.Based on data from the three schools can be seen that in Man 3 Medan internal factors are very influential as the cause of difficulty learning in the external factors influencing teachers, media and learning methods. In Man 2 Medan Model factors that are very influential only motivation, environment, media and learning methods used by teachers. And Man 1 Medan is only the motivation of the newcomers as the cause of student learning difficulties.Keywords: Learning difficulties