Habitat characteristics of Andaliman (Zanthoxylumacanthopodium DC) in North Sumatra using a GIS (Geographical Information System) approach

Abstract

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is a member of the Rutaceae family which is spread in the regions of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. In the territory of Indonesia, andaliman is spread in the highlands of North Sumatra and parts of Aceh. Andaliman is a spice plant that is usually used as a spice for the Batak tribe in North Sumatra. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of andaliman habitat in North Sumatra. A total of 169 samples from 8 regencies in North Sumatra analyzed habitat characteristics using the ArcGis 10.3 program using various ecological data. The results showed that andaliman was widely distributed in the highlands in North Sumatra. Andaliman inhabits 4 soil types, namely Humic Acrisols (36.09%), Orthic Acrisols (34.31%), Humic Cambisols (18.34%), and Orthic Ferralsols (11.24%), 7 Types of land cover namely dry land agriculture (81.06%), open soil (0.59%), rice fields (6.5%), settlements (2.9%), secondary dryland forests (4.73%), shrubs (3.55%), and industrial plantations (0.59%). Andaliman inhabits a limited elevation between 854-2676 m above sea level. The highest number in elevation 1161-1526 (76.92%), 854-1160 (14.20%), 1527-1968 (7.69%), 1969-2676 (0.59%). In rainfall ecology variables, Andaliman occupies an area with rainfall between 1500-4000 mm/year. The highest number occupies rainfall between 1500-2000 (8.87%), 2000-2500 (83.43%), 2500-3000 (5.91%), 3000-3500 (0.59%), and 3500-4000 (0.59%) mm/annual. Most of Andaliman grew in areas with Critical land types (69.23%), rather critical (25.44%), critical potential (3.55%) and very critical (1.18%). Andaliman occupies a limited habitat character so that the right steps are needed in his conservation efforts. This research is expected to become important information in the conservation and cultivation efforts of andaliman in North Sumatra.

Marketing efficiency perspective of sustainable Andaliman agroforestry in Humbang Hasundutan Regency

“…Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is one of the wild plants that is grown in Indonesia's rainforest. This plant is grown wildly in the conservation area of Toba geopark and Tapanuli in North Sumatera Province [3][4][5]. Initially, it grows wildly in the forest surrounding the Lake Toba area.…”

“…However, nowadays, a few small-scale farmers or businesses have started cultivating it with an agroforestry system. Mainly, Andaliman grows approximately 1,000 to 2,000 plants in one area, and the tree could produce about 7 to 10 kg/adult tree/year [2,4]. Since Andaliman seedlings are very hard to flourish due to the variety of seed dormancy duration, the farmers only seek and gather the Andaliman seedlings from the surroundings of mature Andaliman trees in the forest.…”

“…On average, farmers only have around 5 Andaliman trees planted in between any other kinds of plants in their agroforestry land. Andaliman is planted in agroforestry land in order to keep it sustained, seeing that the endemic species is very sensitive to climate and location changes [2][3][4]6]. There are five types of endemic Andaliman grown in the forest surrounding Lake Toba, which are Simanuk, Sihorbo, Silokot, Sikoreng [2], and Sitanga [7].…”

“…Indonesia's spices and herbs, which normally have a powerful and remarkable scent and taste, are very valuable and have a high economic value. Andaliman has been traded and exported to many areas outside North Sumatera at a premium price level, but only utilised by limited circles, typically still associated with Batak's tradition [3,4]. In Humbang Hasundutan Regency in which 30.60 Ha of Andaliman agroforestry area has taken place, the largest cultivation area is in Pollung Subdistrict (28.30 Ha), followed by Lintong Nihuta (1.10 Ha), Paranginan (0.70 Ha) and Dolok Sanggul (0.50 Ha) Subdistricts [8].…”

Ethnoecology of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium by local communities around Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia

“…In Indonesia, andaliman naturally distributed in northern part of Sumatra. In North Sumatra, andaliman is distributed in the areas adjacent to Lake Toba, including in the districts of Simalungun, Dairi, Humbang Hasudutan, Samosir, Toba Samosir, Karo, North Tapanuli and South Tapanuli (Harsono et al 2016;Suriani et al 2019). Andaliman usually occurs in areas with an altitude of more than 1 300 m above sea level with a temperature of 15-18 0 C. This plant is one type of spice that has not been widely known by the people of Indonesia (Hartley 1966;Hasairin 2014).…”