Abstract. Hilmi E, Sari LK, Cahyo TN, Muslih, Mahdiana A, Samudra SR. 2021. The affinity of mangrove species using Association and Cluster Index in North Coast of Jakarta and Segara Anakan of Cilacap, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2907-2920. The affinity of mangrove species using association and cluster index describe relationship among mangrove species. The species association and clustering explain the degree of utilization of resources and space by mangrove species. The association and cluster also describe specific species adaptation in mangrove ecosystems. This paper was aimed to analyze species affinity using association and clustering index of mangrove species. The association index used Chi-square equation and the clustered index used Euclidian distance analysis. The results showed that (i) mangrove density in Segara Anakan (166-4000 trees ha-1) > North Jakarta (220-1100 trees ha-1). (ii) Nypa fruticans, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora stylosa and Rhizophora apiculata dominated in Segara Anakan of Cilacap, and Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina dominated in North Jakarta (iii) The association index had 12 pairs of negative species association and 17 pairs of positive species association, but most of mangrove vegetations had no association. (iv) mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan and North Jakarta had four clusters with Euclidean distance (ED score) 484 to describe cluster between Bruguiera parviflora-Bruguiera sexangula until 76430847 to describe cluster among Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops decandra, Exoecaria agallocha, Nypa fruticans, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia caseolaris

Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL) as the specific ecosystem is arranged by the mangrove ecosystem and lagoon ecosystem. The mangrove ecosystem in SAL needs high adaptation to reduce the impact of water tide, water inundation, water salinity, and other factors. This research aimed to analyze mangrove clustering in Segara Anakan Lagoon. The method of this research used Hierarchical Clustering Methods based on mangrove density to analyze cluster adaptation of the mangrove ecosystem. The result showed that (1) The mangrove density (diameter > 4 cm) to analysis mangrove clustering showed that East Segara Anakan had density between 900 – 5425 trees ha-1 (low-very high density ) and West Segara Anakan had density between 133 – 3.367 (low – high density). (2) the mangrove clustering showed that West Segara Anakan had three clusters. The first cluster was arranged by clustering of stations {((15.18),(9.17),(3.6)),8)); ((1.2),5)}. The second cluster was arranged by clustering of stations {(((4.10),14,12))}. And the third cluster was arranged by clustering of stations{(((11.20)16));(7.19))}. (b) East Segara Anakan also was formed by three clusters were the first cluster was formed by clustering of stations (2-(((4, 13), 6) ((1.12), ((4.13) ((5.10) (7.11)))) The second cluster was arranged by clustering of stations (9; ((8.15), (19, (20.21)))) The third cluster was formed by clustering of stations (18 (17, (14,16))).

Abstract. Hilmi E, Sari LK, Cahyo TN, Dewi R, Winanto T. 2022. The structure communities of gastropods in the permanently inundated mangrove forest on the north coast of Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2699-2710. The permanently inundated mangrove ecosystem support gastropods communities to live and grow. The gastropods communities require a mangrove ecosystem for feeding, spawning, nursing, distributing, and breading. The distribution of gastropod communities is shown by the number, association, and clustering of gastropods and is influenced by the potential of permanent water inundation. This research used association, clustering, and correlation methods to describe the distribution of gastropod communities. The results of this research showed that the mangrove ecosystem on the north coast of Jakarta was dominated by Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Calophyllum inophyllum, Cerbera manghas, Excoecaria agallocha, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, Terminalia catappa, and Thespesia populnea with density between 20-2800 trees/ha. However, the gastropods communities in the mangrove ecosystem were dominated by Cassidula angulifera, Cassidula aurisfelis, Cassidula plecotrematoides, Cassidula rugata, Ellobium aurisjudae, Ellobium gangeticum, Pythia plicata, Cerithidea obtusa, Cerithidea quoyii, and Melanoidessarius tuberculata with abundance between 0.36 to 6.68 ind/m2, 12 pairs positive association from 78 pairs, had uniform distribution (Moroshita index 0-0.87), and two clusters.

Abstract. Hilmi E, Sari LK, Cahyo NT, Mahdiana A, Soedibja PHT, Sudiana E. 2021. Survival and growth rates of mangroves planted in vertical and horizontal aquaponic systems in North Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 687-694. Mangrove rehabilitation is aimed to reverse mangrove deforestation and degradation. Various efforts have been conducted to rehabilitate the degraded mangroves, yet problems arise when planting mangroves in the high and permanently water-logged areas in coastline. The aquaponic system is a mangrove planting method introduced to reduce the impact of permanent and high water inundation. This research aims to analyze the survival rate of mangroves planted using vertical and horizontal aquaponic systems in Jakarta's north coast and investigate the correlation between physico-chemical environmental parameters and the survival and growth rates of the planted mangroves. The results showed that the survival rate of mangroves planted in the vertical aquaponic system reached 55.4-96.9%. On the other hand, the highest survival rate in the horizontal aquaponic system was obtained in mangrove planting at 80-100 cm from the bottom with survived plants between 70-90%. The height growth rate of mangroves planted in the aquaponic system was between 0.95-2.33 cm/month. The correlation analysis showed that soil salinity, soil pH and water salinity had a high correlation to support living trees of mangrove seedlings. Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa had highest survival and adaptation in this planting system.

Sedimentation causes land accretion, silting river water, lagoon, and mangrove degradation. The current study aims to analyze the potential and the impact of sedimentation toward the potential of the lagoon and mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan Lagoon. The research methods used mapping analysis, total suspended solid analysis (TSS), sedimentation rate analysis, biodiversity analysis, and mangrove covering. The result showed that (1) the value of TSS between 0.25-1,16 g L-1 (2) sediment flux between 6,8 - 257,7 g m-2s-1 (3) annual rate of sedimentation in West Segara Anakan Lagoon (W-SAL) between 13.82 – 15.49 m yr-1. (4) The effects of sedimentation were (a) the remaining lagoon of West Segara Anakan Lagoon (W-SAL) which was 1.200 ha, (b) land accretion in W-SAL between 27.24 – 160.18 m (1994 – 2003) and 20.91 – 107.55 m (2003 2014), (c) the remaining mangrove of SAL less than 2594 ha (d) the mangrove diversity ranged between 0.48 – 1.71 (low – moderate), (e) the mangrove density of trees were 46 - 205 trees ha-1 (degraded) (5) mangrove landscape was developed to reduce the impact of sedimentation, especially the first zone of mangrove landscaping was dominated by Aegiceras Floridum, Avicennia Alba, Avicennia Marina, Sonneratia Caseolaris, and Sonneratia alba.