The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point is needed to improve the quality and competitiveness of cocoa beans. The objectives of this research were to study of Good Handling Practices at cocoa beans fermentation and determination of critical control point as the first step in making Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plan. The research was conducted at Processing Product Unit Ngudi Raharjo II, Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta. The method used in this research were interview, observation, recording of cocoa quality, temperature and pH during fermentation, drying temperature and water content reduction in cocoa beans during drying, while determination of critical control point by answering the question from decision tree associated with the risk assessment matrix. The results shown that Good Handling Practices there were 26 of 76 elements that have not been applied, so it needs to be improved. The average temperature of cocoa beans fermentation on the surface for five days is 38.5 °C, in the middle section is 42.3°C and in the bottom was 34.8°C. The average pH of cocoa beans fermentation for 5 days was 3.2. Temperature and pH of fermentation are lower than they should be, this is due to too much cocoa bean pulp. The average temperature in sun drying for four days was 30.3 °C. The average drying temperature with drying machine for three days was 39.2 °C. The drying process should be carried out at 55-60 °C for 40-50 hours. Of the nine stages of the process, drying was a critical control point.
AbstrakArtikel ini mendiskusikan karakterisasi pecahan genteng dan pemanfaatannya untuk memproduksi katalis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik pecahan genteng dan kemudian melakukan modifikasi untuk pembuatan katalis. Katalis dibuat dengan pilarisasi nikel ke dalam pecahan genteng, dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan x-ray diffractometer (XRD). Pirolisis dilakukan terhadap limbah plastik polipropilena hingga diperoleh cairan minyak. Minyak direforming menggunakan katalis pecahan genteng terpilarisasi nikel. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa pecahan genteng mempunyai kandungan logam oksida berdasarkan standar Fe2O3, NiO2, Al2O3, SiO2. Refinement dilakukan menggunakan program Rietica metode Le-Bail dan diperoleh hasil nilai keberterimaan Rp/Rwp <10. Setiap 1,3 kg sampel limbah polipropilena diperoleh hasil minyak sebanyak 1,7 L. Hasil reforming menunjukkan bahwa densitas minyak sebesar 745,919 kg/m 3 dan viskositas 0,720 cp. Berdasarkan analisis GC-MS diperoleh fraksi pembentukan terbesar dari katalis pecahan genteng terpilarisasi nikel adalah fraksi C10 -C12. Sehingga, pecahan genteng yang terpilarisasi nikel efektif dijadikan sebagai katalisator dalam proses pirolisis untuk mengubah limbah palstik polipropilena menjadi bahan bakar.Kata Kunci: katalis, pecahan genteng, reforming, XRD AbstractThis article discusses the characterization of roof-tile fragments and its benefit to produce catalyst. The objective of this study was to determine the characteristic of the roof-tile fragment and its modification on the fabrication of catalyst. Catalyst was prepared by nickel pillarization into roof-tile fragments, and then characterized by x-ray diffractometer (XRD). The pyrolysis was carried out by heating up polypropylene plastics until the oil produced. The oil was reformed by using catalyst from roof-tile fragments nickel pillarized. The characterization results showed that the roof-tile fragment has metal oxide content as based on standard of Fe2O3, NiO2, Al2O3, and SiO2. Refinement was done by using Rietica program with Le-Bail method and the acceptance value obtained was Rp/Rwp <10. 1.7 L oil was attained for every 1.3 kg polypropylene waste sample. The result of reforming informed that the generated oil has a density of 745.919 kg/m 3 and viscosity of 0.720 cp. GC-MS result confirmed that the biggest fraction formed in the reaction using catalyst from roof-tile fragments nickel pillarized was C10 -C11. Therefore, roof-tile fragments pillarized by nickel was useful for a catalyst in pyrolysis process to convert polypropylene plastic waste into fuel.
Keterampilan proses sains berkaitan erat dengan kegiatan penelitian. Pengembangan keterampilan proses sains penting bagi peserta didik agar dapat memahami serta mengembangkan ide dan konsep yang belum diketahui serta memungkinkan untuk menemukan konsep secara mandiri. Lembar Kegiatan Peserta Didik (LKPD) berbasis guided discovery berisi kegiatan percobaan transpor membran yang berhubungan dengan pengalaman sehari-hari untuk melatihkan keterampilan proses sains peserta didik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan validitas lembar kegiatan peserta didik berbasis guided discovery pada materi transpor membran sehingga dapat melatihkan keterampilan proses sains kelas XI SMA. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan model penelitian pengembangan 4D (four-D models) dengan tahapan define, design, develop tanpa disseminate. Validitas LKPD diukur berdasarkan kelayakan penyajian (teknis), kelayakan isi (didaktik), kelayakan kebahasaan (konstruksi), kesesuaian dengan komponen guded discovery, serta kesesuaian dengan pencapaian tujuan melatihkan keterampilan proses sains. Validitas LKPD ditentukan berdasarkan hasil validasi oleh dua dosen ahli dan satu guru biologi. Hasil validasi berdasarkan kelayakan penyajian memperoleh skor 3,9; kelayakan isi dengan skor 3,67; kelayakan bahasa dengan skor 4; keterkaitan dengan langkah pembelajaran guided discovery memperoleh skor 3,8; dan kesesuaian dengan indikator keterampilan proses sains memperoleh skor 3,53. Secara keseluruhan, hasil validasi LKPD memperoleh skor rata-rata 3,78 sehingga dikategorikan sangat valid. Dengan demikian, LKPD berbasis guided discovery yang dikembangkan telah memenuhi aspek-aspek penilaian LKPD dan dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran yang melatihkan keterampilan proses sains. Kata Kunci: LKPD, guided discovery, keterampilan proses sains, transpor membran.
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