Mangrove ecosystems are crucial to the management of coastal resources, particularly those of small islands. The destruction of mangrove forests is brought on by mangrove logging and the transformation of mangrove land into aquaculture areas. This is due to the economic demands of the local community. The government has made numerous efforts to protect and rehabilitate mangroves, including mangrove restoration in accordance with Regulation No. 03/MENHUT-V/2004 of the Minister of Forestry and Environment. However, its implementation has not been effective, especially if it is tied to the convention on biodiversity and the Sustainable Development Goals; the protection of mangroves continues to face numerous obstacles. The research methods employed are both empirical and normative. The results of this study indicate that the convention on biodiversity, which is the actual basis for mangrove rehabilitation, has not protected the area because (1) spatial planning does not accommodate mangrove protection; (2) public awareness is low; (3) law enforcement is ineffective; and (4) the problem of mangrove rehabilitation exists.

Due to the uncertainty of forest areas in Indonesia, it often creates conflicts with various parties with an interest in forest areas, such as communities, institutions that have forestry business permits, and the government. Changes in forest area occur from time to time due to forest conversion for non-forestry sector development, encroachment, and forest fire. The government has issued Government Regulation Number 23 of 2021 about forest administration in relation to this issue. However, the law has not been effective in safeguarding forests from damage caused by humans, fires, natural disasters, pests, and diseases, nor has it preserved and protected state, community, and individual rights to wooded property. The method utilized in this study is empirical legal research employing sociological, conceptual, and statutory approaches. The specific objective of this research is to identify an ideal concept for forest utilization that is pro-environment, pro-development, and people-centered so that sustainable development-supporting forestry policies can be considered. The findings of the study reveal that sustainable forest management is largely dependent on the diversity and quality of enabling policies, as well as the legal and institutional conditions that serve as the basis for good forest governance. Forest management relies heavily on the collaboration between the government, the commercial sector, and the community.

The Decree of the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, Number SK 398/Menhut-II/2004, dated October 18, 2004, converted the Maros Pangkep karst area to the Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park (Babul National Park). Karst and Babul National Park depend on rainwater absorbed by subsurface rivers. Babul National Park has integrated water management, although water supply and security are still threats. This study analyzes the harmonization and synergy of water policy with community requirements in the Maros-Pangkep Karst area, where residents rely largely on underground rivers. This study utilizes empirical legal research. (1) The Babul National Park manager distinguishes between the use of water as mass and as energy, and the surrounding community must seek for a permit for the latter. In the implementation process, the permission did not fully comply with the existing standards, notably the Minister of Environment and Forestry Number P.18/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/4/2019 governing the use of water and energy in wildlife sanctuaries, National Parks, Grand Forests, and Nature Tourism Parks. (2) Because legal enforcement hasn’t deterred forest destroyers, this will undermine forest conservation and the importance of forests in water management.

Indonesia has three main ecosystems, mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass bed ecosystems as characteristics of a coastal countries. However, the three ecosystems are getting more and more damaged daily. This is caused by activities carried out by humans such as very fast infrastructure of coastal areas, marine debris and overfishing, and other consequences. To overcome this, the government has issued various policies, especially regarding protecting biodiversity in the three ecosystems. One of the actions taken by the government is to ratify the biodiversity convention (CBD) through Law Number 5 of 1994. Since the agenda for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a global development established, the implementation of the biodiversity convention must be aligned with the SDGs, to create equitable development and ensure human welfare. Subsequently, a conflict emerged, was how to align policies to provide effective protection for the conservation of the three marine ecosystems while continuing to develop globally so that the marine environment preservation was maintained and developed for the community, especially in coastal areas continued to develop. This study uses a normative approach by analyzing international conventions and related national regulations and then be written down by descriptive analysis. This research has purposed to find the perfect concept of policy for the implementation of CBD to give protection and conservation the environment in the Indonesia sea. Research shows that it is necessary to make legal regulations that contain strict sanctions against perpetrators of destroying marine ecosystems because so far, there have been no strict sanctions given by law enforcement officers against those who violate these rules.