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BackgroundMany individuals hospitalised with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection experience post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), sometimes referred to as “long COVID”. Our objective was to conduct a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to identify PASC-associated symptoms in previously hospitalised patients and determine the frequency and temporal nature of PASC.MethodsSearches of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library (2019–2021), World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and reference lists were performed from November to December 2021. Articles were assessed by two reviewers against eligibility criteria and a risk of bias tool. Symptom data were synthesised by random effects meta-analyses.ResultsOf 6942 records, 52 studies with at least 100 patients were analysed; ∼70% were Europe-based studies. Most data were from the first wave of the pandemic. PASC symptoms were analysed from 28 days after hospital discharge. At 1–4 months post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, the most frequent individual symptoms were fatigue (29.3% (95% CI 20.1–40.6%)) and dyspnoea (19.6% (95% CI 12.8–28.7%)). Many patients experienced at least one symptom at 4–8 months (73.1% (95% CI 44.2–90.3%)) and 8–12 months (75.0% (95% CI 56.4–87.4%)).ConclusionsA wide spectrum of persistent PASC-associated symptoms were reported over the 1-year follow-up period in a significant proportion of participants. Further research is needed to better define PASC duration and determine whether factors such as disease severity, vaccination and treatments have an impact on PASC.

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The spatial and temporal distribution of animals is frequently a foundation for understanding biological phenomena within physiological, behavioural and ecological studies (Kays, Crofoot, Jetz, & Wikelski, 2015). The increased utilization of GPS in recent years has led to refinement in the achievable accuracy of animal tracking devices, and reductions in the labour required to operate them. However, with this has come an increase in cost which often corresponds to low numbers of animals being tracked, and the assumption that the positional information of a subset of individuals is representative of whole herd/group movements. Whilst radio-frequency (RF) tags cannot provide the continuous tracking capability of GPSequipped trackers, they are inexpensive and can be extremely small and lightweight, allowing large number of animals to be tracked albeit at lower spatial precision and frequency.