Lignocellulose is the most abundant biomass available on earth, including wood and agricultural wastes such as rice straw, corn cobs, and oil palm empty bunches. The biopolymer content in lignocellulose has a great potential as feedstock for producing industrial raw materials such as glucose, sorbitol, xylose, xylitol, and other pharmaceutical excipients. Currently, scientists and governments agree that the enzymatic delignification method is an environmentally friendly green method to be applied. This review attempts to explain the proper preparation of the enzymes laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase, as well as the important factors influencing their activity. The recent applications of the enzymes for detoxification of hazardous substances, proper enzyme immobilization technique, and future prospect combination with DESs extraction of lignin are also discussed.
Background: Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the materials that has the potential to produce cellulose. Lignocellulose material consists of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose so that the three materials must be separated first to get pure cellulose. The main problem faced in the process of separating cellulose is the difficulty of separating lignin. One of the processes in separating lignin is by pretreatment of lignocellulosic material. Methods: In this study, Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) choline (ChCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor was synthesized and eight hydrogen bond donors (HBD) were mixed. Eight types of DESs, i.e. , choline chloride-acetic acid (ChCl-AA), ChCl: formic acid (ChCl-FA). ), choline chloride: Lactic acid (ChCl-LA), choline chloride:Citric acid (ChCl-SA), choline chloride: Glycerol (ChCl-G), choline chloride: Ethylenglycol (ChCl-EG), choline chloride: Sorbitol (ChCl-S), and choline chloride: Urea (ChCl -U) with a ratio of 1: 2 were investigated. Each. DES solvent was applied as a pretreatment for the lignocellulosic material of pineapple leaves. The results of the pretreatment formed were characterized by the Infra Red spectroscopic method to determine the typical functional groups. Result: The results showed that the pretreatment process using DES solvent resulted in a decrease in lignin levels in pineapple leaf powder, the highest in DES with linear saturated acid-based HBD, formic acid at 32.05%, glycerol at 30.18% and then in alpha hydroxy-based HBD, acetic acid at 29.90%. Meanwhile, the FT-IR results show that ChCl-FA has a high delignification ability during pretreatment. Pineapple leaves that have been pretreted with DES solvent can be a potential raw material for the next conversion process. This study presents DES as an effective and easy pretreatment method for lignin extraction.
During the last decade Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) is an alternative solvent and has proven to be effective in removing lignin and hemicellulose bonds, as well as reducing the crystallinity of cellulose in the pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass delignification. Until now, it has been reported that DES is a solvent that is widely used in various studies. DES is a solvent consisting of two or three ionic compositions which can be associated through hydrogen bonds, to form a euteutic mixture with a melting point lower than each individual component. In literature and research, these solvents are often referred to as environmentally friendly solvents. It is known that DES has physicochemical properties similar with ionic liquids but is more environmentally friendly and cheaper. Over the years, a number of studies have reported that the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass delignification is carried out chemically and physically, such as the use of dilute acids, alkalis, and steam explosions. It was reported that this method is a process that uses a lot of energy, because it requires high temperature and pressure to remove lignin. However, the proposed method is currently based on the use of DES solvents which require less energy from chemical and physical processes. DES dissolves lignin and increases the availability of cellulose at low temperatures and pressures during the pre-treatment process. In this review it aims to explain the recent progress made regarding the contribution of DES and its potential on lignocellulosic biomass pre-treatment process. It also discussed the advantages of DES solvents that are environmentally friendly, cheap, non-toxic and low energy use.
Tanaman sirsak (Annona muricata L.) termasuk dalam familia Annonaceae.Masyarakat telah lama mengenal dan menggunakannya sebagai obat tradisional.Salah satu manfaat dari daun sirsak yaitu dapat dipakai sebagai alternatif pengobatan penyakit kanker.Sampai saat ini belum diketahui secara ilmiah apakah daun sirsak mempunyai aktivitas antikanker. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi toksisitas zat bioaktif dari ekstrak etanol, etil asetat dan n-heksan daun sirsak sebagai zat antikanker dengan menggunakan metode BSLT.Penelitian ini menggunakan sebanyak 100 ekor larva udang yang digunakan sebagai objek penelitian yang secara acak dibagi dalam 3 kelompok.Tiap kelompok terdiri dari 10 ekor larva dan pengulangan dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali perkelompok.Konsentrasi ekstrak dalam media yang digunakan adalah 500, 100, 10 dan sebagai kontrol digunakan 0 ppm. Data diperoleh dengan cara menghitung jumlah larva yang mati setelah 24 jam. Data yang diperoleh kemudian ditentukan dengan menggunakan tabel analisis probit. Kadar air yang terkandung dalam simplisia adalah 6,49%. Hasil dari analisis probit menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol mempunyai nilai LC 50 sebesar 86,45 ppm, sedangkan ekstrak etil asetat 92,81 ppm dan ekstrak n-heksana 37601,05 ppm. Pemberian ekstrak etanol dan etil asetat daun sirsak pada percobaan ini cenderung menunjukkan adanya potensi toksisitas terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach.Ekstrak nheksana daun sirsak tidak menunjukkan adanya potensi toksisitas terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach.
The material used in this study is rotten wood taken from the Bogor botanical garden area. Other materials consist of PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) media, aquadest, gallic acid (Merck), tannic acid (Merck), Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBRR) (Merck),
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