The Book of Lamentations is a book rich in theological reflections on condemnation and hope. The reflection is enriched by the type of literature used, poetry with the lamentation subgenre, and with an acrostic and stratified text structure. The richness and depth of his theological contemplation encourage the research of this book in biblical theology. The purpose of this study is to find biblical theology of punishment and hope according to the Book of Lamentations. The method used in this study is a synthesis method by finding literary forms, book structures, major themes, and developing these themes by investigating the text based on the structure of the book, as well as investigating various supporting literature. Through this research, it was found that the sins of the people can lead to God's judgment and that punishment causes painful suffering. The right response is to recognize sin and repent and hope in God. God's faithful love and mercy are a strong foundation of hope for believers.
The study is entitled The Meaning of Anointing According to 1 John 2:20, 27. The background of this study is the obscurity found in the usage of the term anointing among Christians, whether in casual conversation or in prayer in which the purpose is uncertain. The obscurity and ambiguity in the understanding of anointment tend to result in unrighteous behavior in Christian life. Based on that issue the writer undertook to research the usage of the term concerned especially in the New Testament. The writer has found the usage of the term in 1 John 2:20. By using the inductive interpretation method: literal, grammatical, contextual, historical, and theological and also do observations through multiple interpretations comparison, the writer has found that the anointment is referred to be used connotatively to depict the help from the Holy Spirit in every believer’s life. This anointment is closely related to teaching and the righteousness of teaching. The anointment happens once and permanent in a believer’s only life. This is identical to sealing and the Holy Spirit that resided in the believers. The anointing in 1 John 2:20 is chrism. Chrism is a noun that refers to the oil that is used in an anointing event. John states that a believer is already and receiving the chrism – the anointing oil – in the believer’s running life. Believers need to believe that God’s anointing has been done, is happening, resides to be with every believer in righteous life as a person who believes that Jesus is God.Judul bahasan adalah Makna Pengurapan Menurut 1 Yohanes 2:20, 27. Latar belakang pembahasan adalah adanya kesamaran penggunan istilah pengurapan dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kristen baik dalam percakapan maupun dalam doa- doa yang diucapkan secara samar. Kesamaran dan kerancuan dalam pemahaman tentang pengurapan cenderung menimbulkan perilaku yang tidak diharapkan dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kristen. Penyimpangan dan penyesatan bahkan perpecahan, perpindahan serta kecurigaan antar sesama orang percaya dapat terjadi dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kristen. Bertolak dengan hal tersebut maka penulis berusaha menelusuri penggunaan istilah pengurapan tersebut khususnya dalam Perjanjian Baru. Penulis menemukan istilah pengurapan dalam 1 Yohanes 2:20. Dengan menggunakan metode penafsiran induktif: literal, gramatikal, kontekstual, historikal, dan teologi serta memperhatikan pandangan beberapa penafsir penulis menemukan bahwa pengurapan yang dimaksud ternyata digunakan secara konotatif untuk menggambarkan pertolongan Roh Kudus dalam hidup setiap orang percaya. Pengurapan erat berhubungan dengan pengajaran dan kebenaran ajaran. Pengurapan sekali terjadi dan bersifat permanen dalam sepanjang hidup orang yang percaya. Pengurapan ini identik dengan pemeteraian dan pendiaman Roh Kudus dalam kehidupan orang percaya. Pengurapan dalam 1 Yohanes 2:20 adalah krisma. Krisma ini adalah kata benda dan menunjuk kepada minyak yang digunakan dalam peristiwa pengurapan. Yohanes menyatakan bahwa orang percaya sudah dan sedang menerima krisma yaitu minyak urapan dalam rentang kehidupannya. Dengan demikian sebenarnya orang percaya tidak perlu berulang-ulang meminta dan mengharapkan terjadinya pengurapan dalam kehidupannya. Orang percaya perlu mengimani bahwa pengurapan Allah sudah dan sedang terjadi serta menuntun setiap orang percaya dalam kehidupan yang benar sebagai orang yang sudah percaya bahwa Yesus itu Tuhan.
Graduate competency standards have been implemented by the government through relevant regulations for all subjects courses at all levels of education. It is necessary to make efforts so that Christian religious education can be organized without losing its essence. One form is his efforts to investigate the competency standards of Graduates of Christian religious education based on the Gospel of John. The goal is to uncover the essence of the standard of competence of Graduates of Christian education. This effort is carried out using hermeneutic methods. As a result, two standard models of competency of religious education graduates were found, namely the standard of competence of religious graduates in the Jewish perspective and the standard of competence of religious graduates in perspective. The implication for the learning of Christian education in Indonesia is to maintain the essence of the substance of Christian religious education, develop proficiency in the presentation of materials especially related to the use of terms and languages, sharpen the skill in observing the environment to create learning opportunities and increase the contribution and active role of educators, learners, parents and the church.Standar kompetensi lulusan sudah diberlakukan oleh pemerintah melalui peraturan yang terkait untuk semua untuk semua mata pelajaran/kuliah pada semua jenjang pendidikan. Perlu upaya agar Pendidikan Agama Kristen dapat diselenggarakan dengan tidak kehilangan esensinya. Salah satu bentuk adalah upayanya menelisik standar kompetensi lulusan Pendidikan Agama Kristen berdasarkan Injil Yohanes. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengungkap esensi standar kompetensi lulusan Pendidikan Agama Kristen. Upaya ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode hermeneutik. Hasilnya, ditemukan dua model standar kompetensi lulusan pendidikan agama, yaitu standar kompetensi lulusan agama dalam perspektif Yahudi dan standar kompetensi lulusan agama dalam perspektif. Implikasinya bagi pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen di Indonesia adalah perlu tetap mempertahankan esensi substansi Pendidikan Agama Kristen, mengembangkan kecakapan dalam penyajian materi khususnya berkaitan dengan penggunaan istilah dan bahasa, mempertajam kejelian dalam mengamati lingkungan untuk menciptakan peluang pembelajaran dan meningkatkan kontribusi serta peran aktif pendidik, peserta didik, orang tua dan gereja.
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