This study aims to compare the Wald test and likelihood ratio test (LRT) approaches with Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) based differential item functioning (DIF) detection methods in the context of cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs), using the TIMSS 2011 dataset as a retrofitting study. CDMs, which have a significant potential when determining the DIF and their contribution to validity, can give confidence, under the strong methodological background condition is met. Therefore, it is hoped that this study will contribute to the literature in terms of ensuring the correct usage of CDMs and evaluating the compatibility of these new approaches with traditional methods. According to the analysis results, thirty-one items showed differences between the cognitive diagnosis assessments and the traditional methods. The item with the largest DIF was found in the Raju Unsigned Area Measures technique in IRT, whereas the item with the lowest DIF was found in the Wald test technique developed for CDMs. In general, the analyses show that methods not based on CDMs detect more items with DIF, but the Wald test and LRT methods based on CDMs detect fewer items with DIF. In this study, DIF analyzes were conducted to determine the test's psychometric properties within the framework of CDMs rather than the source of the bias. Researchers can take the study one step further and make more specific assessments about the items' bias regarding the test structure, test scope, and subgroups. In addition, DIF analyses in this study were carried out using only the gender variable, researchers can use different variables to conduct studies specific to their purpose.

The aim of this study is to examine the classification of students in accordance with different attributes on the basis of mathematics test data in TIMSS 2015 Turkey sample. For this purpose, DINA and DINO models were used from Cognitive Diagnosis Models. Four different Q-Matrices were determined as the levels of the content domain (numbers, data display, geometric shapes and measures), the levels of the cognitive domain (knowing, applying, reasoning), the levels of both the content and the cognitive domain, and the levels obtained through Principal Components Analysis as the attributes dimension in the Q-Matrix in which matching of attribute and item is carried out. The accuracy and consistency of the classifications acquired with these four different Q-Matrices were examined as an evaluation criterion for which classification was performed better. The study group of the research consists of 463 fourth-grade students who have taken the first booklet within TIMSS 2015 Turkey sample. The data used in the study were obtained from 23 items selected from 25 items in the TIMSS 2015 4th grade mathematics booklet-1. According to the findings of the research, the Q-Matrix in which content domain levels are used as the attribute dimension, is the matrix that classified the students best. In conclusion, the classification was made by using this matrix according to the DINA Model that conducts the best classification within the scope of the research and its results were discussed.

Objective: As the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer associated with human papillomavirus has increased rapidly in recent years, the role of dentists on this issue is also increasing. This study aims to determine the knowledge and awareness of dentists and dental students about human papillomavirus vaccination and the relationship of oropharyngeal cancer. Methods: A total of 209 participants, consisting of 82 dentists and 127 dental students filled out the questionnaires about the general human papillomavirus knowledge, human papillomavirus-oropharyngeal cancer relationship, and human papillomavirus vaccination. The Fisher Exact and the Mann Whitney U tests were used for determining the difference between the two groups. Results: The majority of the respondents answered the general questions about human papillomavirus correctly. Almost all of the participants in our study were found to have high awareness about the human papillomavirus-oropharyngeal cancer relationship, most of them did not have enough information about the human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancers have a better prognosis than other oropharyngeal cancers. Both dentists and dental students stated that they did not think they had enough information about human papillomavirus vaccination. Dental students were more conscious and more motivated than dentists in recommending human papillomavirus vaccination to their patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study showed that dentists and dentistry students had a high level of knowledge in general subjects related to human papillomavirus. It was determined that the knowledge of both groups was insufficient regarding the human papillomavirus-oropharyngeal cancer relationship and human papillomavirus vaccination, and the participants were eager to overcome these shortcomings.

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The aim of this study is to develop an R package called drawsample, which will be used to draw samples with the desired properties from a real data set. In accordance with the aim of the study, a sample with the desired properties can be drawn by purposive sampling with determining several conditions, such as deviation from normality (skewness and kurtosis) and sample size. Different applications of the package drawsample are illustrated using real data from the “Science and Technology(Score_1)” and “Social Studies (Score_2)” subtests of 6th Grade Public Boarding and Scholarship Examinations (PBSE). As the importance given to research with real data has increased in recent years, a good approach would be to draw a sample of the population. With this package, it is expected that researchers will draw samples as close as possible to the desired properties from the population or a large sample. It is thought that using the drawn samples obtained from real data with package drawsample will provide an alternative to simulation studies as well as a complement for these studies.