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BackgroundCases with abnormal category, determined by thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA), frequently undergo surgical resection, despite the majority of cases being identified as benign after resection. Additional diagnostic markers are needed to guide the management of patients with abnormal thyroid nodules.Materials and MethodsThe retrospective study enrolled 150 cases diagnosed abnormal by FNA cytology that had undergone molecular testing with three markers (BRAF V600E, NRAS, and KRAS) on the cell block. Seventy‐one cases had a surgical follow‐up.ResultsWhen NIFTP is not considered as malignant, positive predictive values (PPVs) of cytology and combined cytology and molecular testing (CC‐MT) were 67.6% (95% CI: 0.555‐0.782) and 89.2% (95% CI: 0.746‐0.970) (P = .004), respectively. The sensitivity of the CC‐MT was 68.8%, specificity was 82.5%, and the false‐positive rate was 17.4%. When NIFTP is considered as malignant, PPVs of cytology and CC‐MT were 83.1% (95% CI: 0.743‐0.918) and 94.6% (95% CI: 0.873‐1.018) (P = .047), respectively. The sensitivity of the CC‐MT was 59.3%, specificity was 83.3%, and the false‐positive rate was 16.7%.ConclusionThe addition of molecular testing with a small panel to FNA cytology may increase the PPV of cytology in abnormal categories. Small panel (BRAF V600E, KRAS, and NRAS) with high specificity and high PPVs may be used particularly for the detection of thyroid malignancy. Cell blocks can be an especially useful and straightforward method for molecular diagnostic studies.

Objective: Our aim in this study is to define the histopathological subtypes, body site distribution, and incidence rates of single or multiple of BCCs. The study is conducted on patients from a single institution in Istanbul which has a migrant-receiving population reflecting that of the country overall. Method: We retrospectively analyzed data concerning 896 cases of BCC seen between 2014 and 2018. Data about patient demographics (age and sex), tumor diameter,its anatomic localization, histological type, presence of ulceration, lymphovascular/perineural invasion, and single or multiple tumor formations were retrieved from both the hospital's automated system and archived records of the pathology clinic. Results: Our univariate analysis showed that the patients' age, tumor size, and tumor multicentricity were all significantly related to their gender (p=0.011, p=0.001, and p=0.021, respectively). Further, age, male gender, and tumor size were all significantly related to tumor multicentricity (p=0.003, p=0.021, and p=0.001, respectively). BCC was most commonly found in male, and the diameters of the BCC tumors were also larger in male patients. Multiple BCC was more frequently seen in older and male patients, and the tumors had larger diameters in these groups. The nodular type of BCC was the most frequently seen type in all age groups. Conclusion: As our study is the first BCC study that has the greatest number of cases in Turkey and as Istanbul reflects the population of Turkey, it is important for the data of BCC cases in Turkey.

Mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient endometrial carcinomas show increased programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression compared with MMR-intact endometrial carcinomas, but there are limited data regarding PD-L1 expression between sporadic and inherited carcinomas exhibiting MMR loss. Most of the studies investigating PD-L1 expression in endometrial carcinoma have used tissue microarrays and did not examine all tumor blocks. In this study, we analyzed the expression of PD-L1 in resection specimens of 176 consecutive endometrial carcinomas using all tumor blocks; we compared PD-L1 expression in MMR-deficient endometrial carcinomas, including the MLH1 and PMS2-loss subgroup, and the other MMR-loss subgroups (MSH2 and MSH6, isolated PMS2, and isolated MSH6), with the MMR-intact subgroup. MLH1 methylation was performed in tumors with MLH1 and PMS2 loss. Tumor cell (TC) and tumor-associated immune cell (IC) PD-L1 positivity with a 1% cutoff was observed in 21% (n = 37) and 66.5% (n = 117) of cases, respectively, and with a 5% cutoff in 5.1% (n = 9) and 39.8% (n = 70) of cases, respectively. MMR protein deficiency was a statistically significant parameter associated with IC PD-L1 positivity, with 1% and 5% cutoffs on multivariate analysis [odds ratio (OR) = 5.236, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.075-13.211, P = 0.001, and OR = 3.702, 95% CI = 1.759-7.791, P = 0.001, respectively]. The multivariate analysis showed that IC PD-L1 positivity, using both 1% and 5% cutoffs, was significantly associated with the MLH1 and PMS2 loss compared with the MMR protein-intact subgroup (MLH1 and PMS2 loss for 1% cutoff: OR = 5.104, 95% CI = 1.876-13.881, P = 0.001, and for 5% cutoff: OR = 3.322, 95% CI = 1.540-7.166, P = 0.002). Squamous differentiation was an independent predictor for TC PD-L1 positivity, with a 5% cutoff (OR = 6.102, 95% CI = 1.280-10.096, P = 0.026). Larger tumor size was an independent predictive factor for IC PD-L1 positivity with a 1% cutoff (OR = 6.757, 95% CI = 1.569-29.109, P = 0.010). Overall, 48 (92.3%) of 52 MLH1 methylated tumors showed IC PD-L1 positivity with 1% cutoff, and 34 (65.4%) of 52 MLH1 methylated tumors showed IC PD-L1 positivity with 5% cutoff. Our results show a higher rate of IC PD-L1 positivity than in previous studies. This is likely due in part to the use of all tumor blocks. MLH1 and PMS2 loss was an independent predictive factor