The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantity of extruded bacteria following with EndoVac, EDDY, EndoActivator (EA) and standard needle irrigation (SNI). Ninety teeth with a single root and canal were included in this study. Fifteen teeth were selected as the negative control group to confirm sterilization. Seventy‐five teeth were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) for 4 weeks. Teeth were prepared and divided into five groups (n:15): EndoVac, EDDY, EA, SNI and positive control groups. The extruded bacteria were cultured for bacterial quantification. The counts of extruded bacteria were lower in the EndoVac group compared to the EDDY group (P˂ 0.05). The counts of extrusion bacteria were not different in EA and SNI groups compared to EDDY and EndoVac groups (P > 0.05). Within the limits of this study, EndoVac was found to be more reliable irrigation systems than EDDY in terms of the bacterial extrusion.

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the relationship between chronological ages and pulp areas of mandibular canine teeth of patients that received and not received orthodontic treatment. Methods: 102 patients that completed fixed orthodontic treatment and between the ages of 13-24, and 102 age and sex-matched control group subjects were included in the study. A total of 204 dental panoramic radiographs taken with the same procedures and with the same device (Soredex; Cranex Novus, Tuusula, Finland) were evaluated in this study. The pulp areas of the mandibular canine teeth were measured using the Image J software (US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Data were analyzed statistically. Results: In both the orthodontic group (r =-0,511) and the control group (r =-0,592), there was a negative correlation between chronological age and pulp area. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the pulp area and gender (p >0.05). Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment did not result in a significant difference in the correlation between the pulp area and the chronological age.

Objective: This study was to investigate the effect of different canal contents on the accuracy of Gold Reciproc Motor (GRM; VDW, Munich, Germany) and DentaPort ZX (Morita Co, Kyoto, Japan) in the determination of artificial root perforations.Methods: Forty mandibular premolar teeth were included in this study. The crowns of the teeth were removed and the root lengths were standardized to be 14±1 mm. Roots were divided into 2 groups (n=20). Artificial root perforations were created 0.5±0.1mm and 1±0.1 mm in size respectively. The actual lengths (AL) up to the perforation areas were measured under the stereomicroscope. Electronic measurements (EL) were obtained by GRM and DentaPort ZX in dry conditions and the presence of NaOCl (5.25%), EDTA (17%) and blood. The difference was calculated by subtracting the ALs from the ELs. This difference was positive when the measurement was longer than the AL and negative when the measurement was shorter. The Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to analyze the data (p˂0.05).Results: There were no significant differences amongst the different intracanal conditions for both apex locators in teeth with perforation of 1 mm. In the teeth with a perforation of 0.5 mm DentaPort ZX measurements were not affected by intracanal conditions and the most accurate measurement was obtained when the canal was dry with GRM. Conclusion:Within the limitation of this study, intracanal conditions did not affect the measurements of DentaPort ZX in both perforation sizes, whereas in 0.5 mm perforation size, GRM measurements were affected by intracanal conditions..