The pathophysiology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) in children (MIS-C) is unknown. It occurs several weeks after COVID-19 infection or exposure; however, MIS is rarely reported after COVID-19 vaccination, and cases are mostly in adults. Herein, we present a 12-year-old male who had no prior COVID-19 infection or exposure and developed MIS-C after his first dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.

SUMMARY:The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence, type, and clinical features of nosocomial infections (NIs), their etiological distribution, and the antibiotic resistance patterns of causative organisms in the general pediatric wards of a hospital in Turkey over a 3-year period. The Hospital Infection Control Committee NI surveillance reports were used as a database. NIs were detected in 171 (2.25z) of the 7,594 hospitalized patients. Some of these patients experienced more than 1 episode, and thus, the total NI episodes were 229. Patients' age varied from 1 to 144 months (mean ± standard deviation, 14.5 ± 23.6 months). The NI rate was 3.02z, and the NI density was 3.17/1,000 patient days. The most frequent NIs were lower respiratory system infections, blood stream infections, and urinary tract infections. Gram-negative organisms were the most frequently isolated agents. Of the 171 patients with NIs, 47 (27.5z) died.Nosocomial infections (NIs) are the major causes of prolonged hospital stays, increased costs, the increased resistance of organisms to antimicrobials, and mortality in hospitalized adults and children. NIs in pediatric and adult patients differ with respect to the sites of infection and the types of pathogens. In addition, NIs differ by country, region, hospital, and type of units, such as wards or intensive care units (1). There exist many reports on epidemiology, risk factors, and preventive measures for adult NIs. However, studies that focus on the pediatric population, particularly in developing countries, are limited. For this reason, we investigated the epidemiological, microbiological, and clinical features of NIs in the general wards of a pediatric hospital that does not have a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) facility.Immunocompetent patients who were aged from 1 month to 18 years and had been admitted for miscellaneous diseases and developed a NI between January 2005 and January 2008 in a hospital in Turkey were retrospectively evaluated. The patients who had positive bacterial culture results or had negative culture results but clinical features of infection were included. A positive blood culture that was taken at least 72 h after the preceding positive blood culture was assessed as a new NI episode. The Hospital Infection Control Committee (HICC) NI surveillance reports were used as the database. NIs were defined on the basis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria (2). Crude NI rates were calculated with the following formula: NI rate ＝ (infection number/admitted or discharged patient number) × 100, and NI density was caluculated with the following formula: density ＝ (infection number/patient day) × 1,000 for each year and ward. The ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rate was calculated with the following formula: VAP rate ＝ (VAP number/mechanical ventilator day) × 1,000. The NIs of each patient were classified according to the infection sites. Standard methods were used for microbiologic, biochemical, and radiologic investigations. Antib...

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics and sonographic features of lymphadenopathy (LAP) and to evaluate the treatment modalities and treatment outcomes in children with tularemia. Materials and Methods: Demographic characteristics, ultrasonographic and physical examination findings, and treatment outcomes in 55 tularemia patients (24 male and 31 female) with a mean age of 10.8 -4.0 years were analyzed retrospectively. Lymph node necrosis was classified in three stages based on ultrasound findings-stage 1, cortical microabscesses; stage 2, cortical and medullar abscesses; stage 3, total necrosis of the lymph node. Results: In total, 50 (90%) of the patients had oropharyngeal, four (8%) had glandular, and one (2%) had oculoglandular tularemia. The most common symptoms were sore throat (67%) and fever (64%). LAP was the most frequently (100%) observed sign. Abscess formation was noted in 36 (65%) patients, of which seven (19%) were sonographically classified as stage 1, 20 (55%) as stage 2, and nine (26%) as stage 3. There was a statistically significant correlation between delayed treatment and stage of abscess formation in lymph nodes ( p < 0.05). Treatment failure was observed in 24 (44%) patients. There was no significant correlation between treatment regimen and treatment failure ( p > 0.05). In all, nine (16%) of the patients did not respond to medical treatment, and surgical intervention was required. Conclusion: Tularemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children presenting with unexplained fever, sore throat, and cervical LAP in endemic areas. Sonographic findings may be useful in the evaluation and staging of this infection.

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Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. that is transmitted to humans by the ingestion of unpasteurized milk and other dairy products from infected animals or through close contact with secretions. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by a virus that is transmitted to humans by ixoid tick bites, contact with blood and tissue of infected animals or contact with infected humans. The symptoms of brucellosis are non-specific; it can mimic other diseases. In this paper, we present a case of brucellosis that was initially evaluated as CCHF. We emphasize that brucellosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of CCHF, especially in endemic countries.