Lengthy trinucleotide repeats encoding polyglutamine (polyQ) stretches characterize the variant proteins of Huntington's disease and certain other inherited neurological disorders. Using a phenotypic screen to identify events that restore functionality to polyQ proteins in S. cerevisiae, we discovered that transcription elongation factor Spt4 is required to transcribe long trinucleotide repeats located either in ORFs or nonprotein-coding regions of DNA templates. Mutation of SPT4 selectively decreased synthesis of and restored enzymatic activity to expanded polyQ protein without affecting protein lacking long-polyQ stretches. RNA-seq analysis revealed limited effects of Spt4 on overall gene expression. Inhibition of Supt4h, the mammalian ortholog of Spt4, reduced mutant huntingtin protein in neuronal cells and decreased its aggregation and toxicity while not altering overall cellular mRNA synthesis. Our findings identify a cellular mechanism for transcription through repeated trinucleotides and a potential target for countermeasures against neurological disorders attributable to expanded trinucleotide regions.

Conventional resistive crossbar array for in‐memory computing suffers from high static current/power, serious IR drop, and sneak paths. In contrast, the “capacitive” crossbar array that harnesses transient current and charge transfer is gaining attention as it 1) only consumes dynamic power, 2) has no DC sneak paths and avoids severe IR drop (thus, selector‐free), and 3) can be fabricated on top of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) circuits for 3D‐stacking. For the first time, ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) capacitive crossbar arrays are experimentally demonstrated. Asymmetry of the HZO electrode interfaces leads to small‐signal capacitance on/off ratio >110% that can achieve read‐disturb‐free operation. The vector matrix multiplication (VMM) experiments are conducted on the fabricated capacitive crossbar array, showing a linear weighted sum versus numbers of input or on‐state weight. The array‐level VMM operation could maintain weight pattern reprogramming after 1) thousands of 1 ms/3 V pulses and 2) an extrapolated 10‐year retention at 85 °C. Array‐level circuit simulation at 22 nm node shows the energy consumption of a capacitive crossbar array is 20–200× lower than the resistive crossbar array counterpart. Moreover, analog‐shift‐and‐add circuits are designed for multibit weight summation, achieving 16.6% less area and 26.9% lower energy consumption than digital‐shift‐and‐add circuits.

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<div>As a candidate waveform for next-generation wireless communications, generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) features several decent properties which make it promising. In this paper, we systematically overview the research about GFDM. We start with GFDM transceivers with their main components, which consist of prototype filter design, low-complexity transceiver implementation, and symbol detection algorithms. Then, we investigate a couple of non-ideal issues of GFDM, including synchronization issues, channel estimation, and in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) imbalance compensation. Lastly, we study the applications of GFDM-based cognitive radio and full-duplex radio which boast of a high spectral efficiency.</div>