Staphylococcus aureus is ubiquitous, and highly adaptive pathogen that colonizes the skin and mucous membrane of the anterior nares, MRSA most often causes skin infections. In some cases, it causes pneumonia (lung infection) and other infections. If left untreated, MRSA infections can become severe and cause sepsis—the body's extreme response to an infection.Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the antibiogram of Methicillin ResistantStaphylococcus aureus from nasal carriage of Students in Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. Fifty (50) Nasal swab samples were collected using standard method, from the anterior nares of 25 male and 25 female students of Rivers State University using sterile cotton swabs and examined for Staphylococcus aureus using standard bacteriological methods. Staphylococcus aureus isolated were screened for methicillin resistance and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus using 8 different antibiotics such as Augmentin (30 µg), Ceftriaxone (30 µg), Gentamicin (10 µg), Cefuroxime (5 µg, Ofloxacin (5 µg), Erythromycin (5 µg), Cloxacillin (30 µg), Ceptazidime (30 µg were carried out using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique, Data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 20. The results of the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, among students showed that out the 50 samples 48 (96%) were positive of S. aureus, with male having the 25 (52%) while female had 23 (48%). The responses of Staphylococcus aureus isolated showed that methicillin susceptible S. aureus (75.44%) were significantly (p<0.05 higher than ethicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) which were14.03% and methicillin intermediate S. aureus (MISA) which were 10.53% The results of me a gene screening revealed that all the (8) methicillin resistant S. aureus isolated posses mec A gene. Five Out of the eight (8) oral antibiotics tested against the methicillin resistant S. aureus showed some degree of susceptibility in the range of Ceftriaxone (37.5%), Erythromycin (50%), Cefuroxime (50%) < Ofloxacin (62.5%). The high prevalence of S. aureus (96%) isolated from nose of students between the age of 17 to 30 in this study indicated serious public health risk among students and the percentage of resistance of Methicillin Resistance S aureus to commonly uses antibiotics calls for continuous surveillance, therefore screening of target population, and decolonization of carriers should be conducted to decrease the spread and burden of drug resistant S. aureus and MRSA in schools and the community at large.

Antifungal resistance is one of the factors considered to hamper effective treatment of otomycosis. Consequently, this study was aimed at isolating etiological agent for otomycosis among patients that visited University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital from June 2017 to June 2018 and carry out antifungal susceptibility testing with the isolates. Ear swab from 120 patients and 120 control group was aseptically collected. Nystatin, voriconazole and fluconazole were used for antifungal susceptibility testing by agar diffusion method. Isolation and identification of fungal isolates was by Standard microbiological methods. From our result, fungi were isolated from ear swab of 34 patients and 5 from the control. The isolates and their frequency of occurrence are Candida sp. (61.8%), Aspergillus sp. (23.5%) and Penicillium sp. (8.8%), while Candida albicans was the only isolate seen among the control group. Susceptibility result revealed that Candida sp. and Penicillium sp. as being sensitive to voriconazole. (76.9%) and fluconazole (66.7%) respectively. Findings from this study underscore the importance of antifungal susceptibility testing before treatment of otomycosis in order to achieve high success rate thereby reduce cases of antifungal resistance.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has dramatically spread all over the world, crossing the borders of all countries. It is presented mainly by lower respiratory tract symptoms such as fever, cough, dyspnea, and chest tightness. However, COVID-19 causes different upper respiratory tract-related symptoms including nasal congestion, sore throat, and olfactory dysfunction. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the Prevalence and otorhinologic / Ear Nose and Throat ( ENT) Symptomatology of Individual with COVID-19 in Rivers State. The study was a prospective descriptive study of all consenting patients who received care through hospitals, designated for COVID-19 treatment in Rivers State. A total number of 2223 Samples consisting of 137 (6.16%) symptomatic and 2086 asymptomatic (93.84%) were taken in accordance with Nigerian protocol for samples collection and PCR Diagnosis for SARS COV-2. The age, sex, date onset of symptoms, and date of sample collection were documented. A diagnosis of COVID-19 infection was made according to the guidance developed by the NCDC using multiplex RT‑PCR which identified the E‑gene, RDRP‑gene, and N-gene using GeneFinder by Osang Korea. Results revealed that out of the total number of 2223 patients tested 206 were positive of COVID-19 and 2017 (91%) were tested negative. Out 206 positive cases recorded 110 patients were with symptoms, the most frequent recorded ENT manifestations were dry cough and fever (24.5%), loss of smell (24.5%), Difficulty in Breathing (11.8%),Headache (10.9%), Sore throat (7.3%), Nasal congestion (6.5%),,Loss of taste (6.4%),Sneezing (3.6%), dizziness (2.7%), and running nose (1.8%). The study has shown that the prevalence of COVID-19 among symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in the study location is high and a cause of epidemiologic concern as asymptomatic patients contribute a significant burden and carriers of COVID-19 infections. The study also revealed that ENT syndrome is the major symptoms associated with Covid 19.

Disease of ear, nose and throat (ENT) affect the functioning of adults as well as children, often with significant challenge to of the daily life of affected patients. Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species are the most prevalent etiologic agent of ENT infections. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the antibiogram of molecularly Characterized the Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species in the Ear and Throat among Patients Attending Rivers State Teaching Hospital. Total number of eighty samples of throat swab, and aural (ear) swab were collected aseptically using sterile Evepon swab sticks and the sample collected were properly labelled with patients' number, date and the side. The swabs were immediately transported with a transportation medium in sterile cotton plugged test tube to the microbiology laboratory for further analysis. Qquestionnaires were administered for degraphic data collections. Each throat and aural swab sample was inoculated onto Mannitol salt agar and Cetrimide agar plates for isolation of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species respectively. The plates were incubated at 37°C and examined for growth after 24-48 hours. Pure culture of the isolates were primarily identified biochemically and confirmed using molecular approaches. Antibiogram of the isolates was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Results shows that out of the 50 ear swabs and 30 throat swab samples, 17 (34%) and 8 (26.7%) of the throat swabs ear swabs were positive of Pseudomonas spp. While for the Staphylococcus spp. 8 (16%) out of the 50 ear swabs and 4 (13.7%) out of 30 throat swabs were positive. The molecular results of the isolates shows that Pseudomonas fluorescens NR_115715.1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NR_113599.1. Staphylococcus aureus NR_113956.1. were the predominates species isolated from both ear and throat swabs. The results of antibiogram of the Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species isolated revealed that commonly uses antibiotics especially Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Cloxacillin Gentamicin and Augmentin were 100% resistant to the isolates only Ofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Nitrofurantoin were susceptible to the isolates with a percentage of 80.2%, 85.7% and 90%. The findings of this study points to the high level of frequent and indescrimate uses of antibiotics among patient suffering from symptoms of ENT resulting to difficulty in the treatment of infections using common antibiotics. It is strongly recommended that ccontinuous monitoring of patients is required for preparing antibiograms. These susceptibility results will help the physician for deciding the empirical regime for the patients.