One approach to the treatment of urban runoff is to treat the runoff from critical source areas before it mixes with runoff from less pollutant areas. Some of the general features of critical source areas appear to be large paved areas, heavy vehicular traffic, and/or exposed heavy equipment, materials or products. The control of runoff from relatively small critical source areas (such as loading docks, fueling areas, small maintenance yards, etc.) may be the most cost effective approach for the treatment/reduction of stormwater toxicants. However, in order for a treatment device to be usable, it must be inexpensive, both to purchase and to maintain, and be effective. Upflow filtration of stormwater was tested during both controlled tests, and under actual rainfall conditions, during SBIR1 (Small Business Innovative Research) and SBIR2 research funded by the US EPA. This chapter summarizes the work presented by Pitt, et al. (2005), Khambhammettu (2006), and Pitt, et al. (2006) reporting on this research. Upflow filtration was originally developed to overcome some of the problems associated with conventional filtration. The most serious problem is that downflow filters clog relatively quickly, reducing the treatment flow

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