The quality of public transportation services is one of the most important performance indicators of modern urban policies for both planning and implementation aspects. Therefore, along with the size of the city, the significance of appropriate cost evaluation and optimization of all related transportation activities increases as well. One of the most important cost factors for the public transport agencies is naturally the fuel consumption of the vehicles. In this study, the attention is focused on the metropolitan bus transport service. The specific aim is to minimize a significant portion of total fuel utilization that occurs due to the so called deadhead trip or dead mileage, which is defined as the idle distance covered by the vehicle between the garage and the route terminal stops without carrying any passengers. In this study, the results of four mathematical models for minimizing the total deadhead trip distance covered in city bus services of Izmir are presented. The models vary due to the inclusion of garage capacity restrictions or operator distinction for supporting both operational and strategical decisions. All models are applied to the recent bus schedule data, which consist of 293 routes, 1,424 buses and 10 garages, for obtaining the optimal route bus-garage allocations and garage capacities. The results of the Decentralized-Capacitated model, which is appropriate for quick implementation, promise a 7.8% reduction in total dead mileage. While on the other hand, if all garage capacities can be expanded and the bus service is maintained only by one operator as modelled in the Centralized-Uncapacitated case, even a 31.4% improvement is possible in the long term. The environmental gains as well as the financial benefits to be achieved when the solutions are actually implemented, justify the practical contribution of the study. KEY WORDSurban transport planning, deadhead trip, bus-garage allocation, garage capacity planning

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In parallel with growing populations and the development of the cities, the traffic densities and respectively the need for public transportation increase. While the local authorities transport the passengers to most of the locations they want, they must also maintain a high-quality public transport system to keep passengers' satisfaction levels high. The most reliable way to conduct such a good transport planning study is to benefit from actual numerical data. The number of the studies related to public transport planning by using smart card data has increased along with the developing technology and widespread usage of electronic fare collection systems. In Izmir city, which has employed an electronic fare collection system since 1999, a fully integrated public transport system has been developed that includes bus, light rail system, metro and ferry modes. In this study, the stages of constructing an origin-destination (OD) matrix that shows the regions where passengers board and alight are evaluated, and an example OD matrix generated by using actual data is interpreted.

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Network infrastructures comprise the backbone of our modern life, ranging in scale from relatively microlevel settings of offices or university campuses, to macro-level structures such as smart cities or national defense systems. Consequently, effective management of the quality and sustainability of provided services and network infrastructures has grown to be essential for modern service providers. Considering standard features like reliability, availability and maintainability, several questions are identified in this study for network performance management and investment levels of sustainable network infrastructures. We describe various stages of the performance management processes, along with corresponding software tools to measure network efficiency and sustainability for information and communications technologies. Fundamental key performance indicator categories and their definitions are also compiled according to their functions within the network management context. Depending on the importance of services provided on a network, it is necessary to develop different performance management systems for monitoring the infrastructure for different practitioners. The development of required management systems will be possible by integrating the comprehensive compilation of indicators and software tools presented in this study.