The world's growing population and, as a result, higher consumption of goods and services have led to a rapid increase in municipal solid waste. This situation creates serious environmental problems that require clear strategies for managing this waste. Improving the efficiency of recycling to restore quality materials, saving resources and maintaining waste in landfills are among the most pressing problems of our time. The article considers the existing methods of solid waste management in order to select the most optimal waste management system in the context of sustainable development.
Increasing a large amounts of sewage sludge in Ukraine is an urgent environmental problem that requires the selection of an effective strategy for their disposal. The usage of sludge composting technology leads to the restoration of sludge as a resource and is cost-effective and environmentally sustainable compared to the method of landfilling. The purpose of this research is to carry out bioindication tests of growth substrates based on composted sewage sludge with the subsequent possibility of their usage in the technology of recultivation of landfills for municipal solid waste. The experiment was performed on four types of compost with different modifications of the natural sorbent - zeolite. During the experiment the average percentage of germination of polygamous ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne L.) was determined in the investigated substrates. The mass and length of the aboveground part of the plant and roots were also measured. The results showed that the addition of natural sorbent to substrates has a positive effect on growth and development of plants. This investigation was conducted in accordance with the current norms of national standards of Ukraine: DSTU 7369 (2013), "Wastewater. Requirements for wastewater and its sediments for irrigation and fertilization"; DSTU ISO 11269-1 (2004), "Soil quality. Determination of the effect of pollutants on soil flora. Part 1: Method for determining the inhibitory effect on a root growth"; DSTU ISO 11269-2 (2002), "Soil quality. Determination of the effect of pollutants on soil flora. Part 2: Effects of Chemicals on Germination and Growth of Higher Plants". The experiment was conducted on four types of compost with different modifications of the natural sorbent - zeolite in percentage amounts: 0; 2.5; 5; 7.5, dark-grey gilded soil was used as a control element. In the experiment, the average percentage of germination of polygamous ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne L.) on the studied substrates was determined. The mass and length of the aboveground part of the plant and roots were also measured. The first sprouts of ryegrass began to appear on the 7th day of the experiment. The highest average value on the seventh day of germination was 90% in the control sample with 5% of sorbent content and in K2 substrate in the sample with 7.5% sorbent content. However, the germination of plants in substrates K3 and K4 occurred later compared with substrates K1, K2, and control. For substrate K1 in the sample with a sorbent content of 5%, plant germination was the highest and was 100%. The highest average value of ryegrass stem length is observed in variant K4 in the sample with 0% zeolite content and in variant K1 in the sample without zeolite content the lowest average value of stem length was observed. The K3 and K4 variants have a more developed root system compared to other variants. Based on the obtained data it can be assumed that the most optimal universal component for creating a growth substrate is variant K3 (mixture of "newly picked" and "old" SS) which has not so developed aboveground part but has very branched root system that allows to adapt to various environmental factors and in combination with a small proportion of natural sorbents can be effective for the recultivation of MSW landfills, which in its turn minimizes the need to use a fertile soil layer.
Оцінено вплив мінеральних добрив, капсульованих відходами поліетилентерафталату (ПЕТ), на агроекосистеми біологічної рекультивації порушених земель. Встановлено, що для цілей біологічної рекультивації можуть бути використані ефективні мінеральні добрива, які забезпечують збалансоване і постійне впродовж вегетаційного періоду живлення рослин – капсульовані добрива. Перспективним методом капсулювання є використання для створення капсули модифікованого ПЕТ. Досліджено вплив добрив, капсульованих модифікованим ПЕТ, на зміну рН ґрунту, вмісту елементів живлення в ґрунті та активність мікроорганізмів ґрунту в системі "ґрунт – добриво – рослина". Як базове добриво використано нітроамофоску NPK 16:16:16. Дослідження виконано на темно-сірому опідзоленому глеюватому легкосуглинковому ґрунті. Досліджено 3 варіанти: контроль, гранульоване та капсульоване добриво. Проаналізувавши загальну зміну кислотності ґрунту у системі "ґрунт – добриво – рослина", з'ясовано, що на початкових етапах після внесення добрив капсульоване добриво створює слабший вплив на зміну кислотності ґрунту порівняно із гранульованим, а отже, не так агресивно впливає на ґрунтову мікрофлору та рослинний покрив. Дослідженнями щодо вивільнення основних елементів живлення з добрив встановлено, що у варіантах із капсульованими добривами на 60-ту добу досліду P2O5 вивільнилося на 10 мг/кг ґрунту більше; K2O – на 13 мг/кг ґрунту більше; кількість NO2 – на 11,2 мг/кг ґрунту більше, ніж у гранульованому добриві. Це пояснюють тим, що на початкових етапах гранульоване добриво швидше розчинялося і вивільняло велику кількість поживних елементів, які не змогли повною мірою засвоїтися рослинами. Надмірна їх кількість виводилась системою поливу за межі кореневої системи рослин. У капсульованих добривах процес вивільнення тривав повільніше, що забезпечило ефективніше засвоєння елементів живлення, із меншим негативним впливом на довкілля. За результатами дослідження впливу добрив на мікробіологічну активність ґрунту встановлено, що підвищена норма внесення капсульованих мінеральних добрив, яка становила у перерахунку 1000 кг/га, не завдала шкоди загальній та азотфіксувальній мікрофлорі ґрунту та позитивно вплинула на кількість мікроорганізмів. Динаміка часової зміни логарифму чисельності азотфіксувальної мікрофлори ґрунту в системі "ґрунт – добриво – рослина" у всіх варіантах описується однотипною залежністю, хоча найвищий приріст азотфіксувальної мікрофлори виявлено у разі застосування капсульованих добрив.
The article is devoted to the study of the prospects of using compost with sewage sludge in the raw material for the recultivation of disturbed lands. A special installation was used for bio-composting, which allowed controlling of the process parameters. The results of bio-indication of composts obtained under different conditions of compositions of the raw material mixture are given. Based on the analysis of the results of bio-indication, the optimal composition of the raw material mixture using "fresh" and "old" sewage sludge is established. An analysis of the parameters of the bio-indication process was carried out for this compost of optimal composition, which makes it possible to develop recommendations for the implementation of the process in industrial conditions.
In the conditions of constant deterioration of the environment, municipal solid waste management (MSW) in Ukraine remains one of the most pressing challenges in environmental safety because of its significant accumulation in landfills and the lack of effective mechanisms for its disposal. Approximately 40- 50% of municipal solid waste is organic, so the removal of this part of waste from landfills through composting and conversion of waste into secondary material resources will significantly reduce the environmental load on existing and potentially planned landfills. Therefore, the choice of promising technologies for the disposal of organic waste is one of the major tasks to ensure environmental safety. One of the effective strategies for dealing with excessive amounts of organic waste and one of the best and most affordable technologies for the waste recycling system is composting.
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