ObjectiveTo investigate doctors', nurses' and medical students' experiences with, and attitudes of health care personnel towards, crying in hospitals. DesignDescriptive, cross‐sectional study, using self‐report questionnaires. Setting and participantsThe sample comprised 52 doctors (response rate, 33%) and 103 nurses (response rate, 58%) from three Sydney metropolitan general hospitals, and 101 sixth‐year medical students (response rate, 99%). ResultsCrying was frequent in hospitals; 57% of doctors, 76% of nurses and 31% of medical students had cried at work in the hospital at least once, and women cried significantly more often than men. Being a nurse significantly increased, whereas being a medical student significantly decreased, the likelihood of crying. Medical students reported the highest percentage of negative social consequences of their own crying (e.g., being ridiculed or screamed at). The main reason for all respondents' crying was identification and bonding with suffering and dying patients or their families. The respondents generally viewed crying by patients as a healthy response, and they were empathetic towards the crying patient. About one‐third of the respondents were interested in (or would consider) using psychological help to explore their own emotional reactions to crying. ConclusionDespite its limited sample, this study suggests that the topic of “crying” should be included in medical training, and that support be provided for medical staff who are distressed by crying behaviour in hospitals.
This study examines perspectives of Saudi university students regarding changing gender roles as affected by women's rights, education, employment, and activity in the public sphere. Results from a questionnaire distributed among 4,455 male and female students indicate students are confident and optimistic about improving gender equity, however resistance from those holding traditional views still exist. Female respondents are more optimistic than male respondents,seeing changes in gender roles as advantageous to their personal and professional lives. Representing a group of allies, a majority of male students regard changing gender roles positively. Men and women reported personal courage to address these challenges, which is an asset moving forward. While approval will never reach consensus,changes may be forthcoming. By surveying the Saudi university population, this study seeks to inform strategy and policy. Gender equity is only possible through increased societal acceptance of women's freedom in their everyday lives.
A questionnaire was used to investigate the crying behavior of medical personnel and medical students in Austrian hospitals. The results from 275 respondents show that shedding tears occurs relatively frequently. Main reasons were dying patients and having to give bad news. Explicitly negative reactions are rare. Attitudes towards crying are generally tolerant, although physicians tend to be more restrictive/(reserved?).
Central nervous, endocrine and immune systems (IS) are all considered to be important regulators of psychological and physical wellbeing. Research into psychoneuroimmunology became relatively widespread in the 1970s. More and more studies considered these systems to be interactive units. Disciplines ranging from anatomy to psychology revealed the IS as the target of brain and endocrine signals. Findings also suggest that the IS is active even in a bidirectional feedback loop. Today the IS is no longer regarded as autonomous and scientists begin to see the emergence of a new psychosomatic paradigm. So far, evidence for the mind-body interaction paradigm has been collected with regard to the role of nerve fibres in lymphatic tissues, the effects of brain lesions on the IS, the interplay of neurotransmitters, hormones and immunotransmitters in a network of bidirectional feedback loops between the brain and the IS, the effects of ontogeny, learning and conditioning on the development of the IS, the impact of experimental and naturally occurring stressors on the IS, the possible immune modulating effects of personality characteristics, life style and psychodynamic processes and the role of the IS in disease. Research findings in most of the mentioned topics are presented.
The model is recommended for teaching medical students because it not only extends traditional teaching towards small group learning but adds a competency in teamwork. It introduces students to a better working style and gives them an additional perspective for use in their future profession.
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