Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in powder form is broadly used as bone cement in orthopedic applications due to its expanded mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. In this study, a hybrid PMMA biopolymer nanocomposite is developed by the supplement of graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) powders of nano-size with combined loadings ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 weight %. Both materials were applied uniformly to reinforce commercial bone cement made of polymethylmethacrylate. The findings showed that adding 1.5 wt.% of combined HA and GnP nanoparticles to the powder of PMMA bone cement resulted in the expansion of flexural strength by 49.28%, the flexural modulus by 30.80%, the compression strength by 31.7%, and the compression modulus by 57.41%. The nanocomposite was characterized using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDS), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the distribution of reinforced nanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the prepared samples and fractured surface shows the proper dispersion of nanofillers into the matrix phase and possible reasons behind fracture. The inclusion of GnP and HA in the PMMA enhances the mechanical performances required for biomedical components. Also, the SEM findings of the mechanically tested broken surface of the polymer nanocomposite samples demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed material for joint replacement surgical procedures and orthopedic implants.

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Polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement has become an effective biomaterial in orthopedic applications due to its outstanding biocompatibility and mechanical properties. A machining test is essential required while using PMMA bone cement nanocomposite in implant applications. Drilling on the prosthetic product is mainly needed when using PMMA to insert bolts for safety and fixation in the human body. The drilling on bone cement-based prostheses is the most often used machining method during bone-grafting and implant interface surgical procedures. Henceforth, this article focus on the relatively new Combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) theory to study the influence of varying process variables on the drilling performance of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) infused PMMA bone cement nanocomposites. The control of process constraints, namely, GNP weight percentage (Wt.%), spindle speed (SPEED), and drill bit tool material (TOOL) such as HSS, Carbide, and TiAlN, is mainly done to achieve the desired value of Surface roughness (SR) and Material removal rate (MRR) during the drilling experimentation. Using the CoCoSo technique, the optimum setting was attained as Wt.% = 4, SPEED = 1428 rpm, and a Carbide drill bit tool. The synthesized sample was also subjected to an XRD examination to validate the appropriate infusion of nanomaterials in PMMA bone cement. The flexural analysis of the developed nanocomposite sample indicates that mechanical property improves significantly due to the supplement of GNP in PMMA. The findings of the proposed nanocomposites material show its feasibility in biomedical functions. Also, the drilling optimization results demonstrate new criteria to control the quality and productivity indices. It can be recommended for multicriteria optimization case studies.