In the literature review the authors present data on the history of the development of diagnostics and treatment of patients with prostatolithiasis and basic information about the most effective methods of treatment of this urological nosology. Prostatolithiasis is one of the most common diseases of the prostate in which, due to various etiological factors, stones are formed in the parenchyma of the prostate gland. Due to the lack of a single diagnostic algorithm, there is no accurate epidemiological information on the prevalence of prostate stones. According to various authors, this figure starts from 7.35 % and reaches 88.6 %. Depending on the localization, prostate stones are divided into endogenous, exogenous and mixed. Asymptomatic course, polyetiological pathogenesis, frequent recurrences of the inflammatory process in the prostate gland with the subsequent appearance of symptoms of the lower urinary tract, sclerosis of the prostate and bladder neck determine the extremely important role of this pathology. Prostatolithiasis, due to its specific clinical course, continues to be one of the most poorly studied problems in men of active working age, as well as in elderly men.

BACKGROUND: Bladder outlet obstruction is one of the main factors leading to the formation of stones in the urinary bladder. Understanding of the physico-biochemical processes in urine and blood, as well as the biomineralogy of urinary bladder stones, will make it possible to determine the pathogenetically justified treatment of such patients. AIM: The aim of the study was to identify and study the relationship between the physico-biochemical parameters of urine and blood and the biomineralogical composition of urinary bladder stones in patients with bladder outlet obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive examination of 76 patients at the age of 37 to 89 years with urinary bladder stones occurred against the background of bladder outlet obstruction was carried out. A comprehensive diagnosis, including an assessment of the physico-biochemical parameters of urine and blood, bacteriological urine tests, radiological diagnostics, as well as biomineralogical studies of concretions, was carried out. RESULTS: The data obtained show that not all physicochemical parameters of blood and urine of the subjects are comparable with the data of patients with nephrolithiasis. In the vast majority of the studied kidney calculi were not detected, in addition, blood biochemical parameters, including the level of stone-forming substances were within the reference values. In urine tests an increase in some lithogenic substances is detected. Urinary stones in patients with bladder outlet obstruction had a mixed composition, more often phosphates and uric acid salts were detected (75 and 54% of cases, respectively). Considering the nature of metabolism and the increase in uric acid excretion with age, as well as the presence of residual urine in case of bladder outlet obstruction, it can be assumed that uric acid is the primary matrix in cystolithiasis. The data obtained indicate a connection between the infectious process in the bladder and the composition of urinary stones. Against this background, there is a more intensive process of cystolithogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: The algorithm for the diagnosis of urinary bladder stones secondary to bladder outlet obstruction should include not only the collection of anamnesis and the performance of routine blood and urine tests, but also specific physical and biochemical studies, as well as assess the biomineralogy of urinary stones, which will make it possible to choose an adequate tactics for the pathogenetic treatment of patients and effective metaphylaxis of stone formation.