Fractal characteristic of watershed is an important parameter which influences the formation of synthetic unit hydrograph. Based on a previous study, hydrology response of watershed expressed in hydrograph form could be well presented by hydrology network characteristic as a form of fractal characteristic of watershed [1]. Fractal characteristic of watershed was stated as fractal dimension which was presented in three parametersi.e.river branch ratio (RB), river length ratio (RL) and watershed river area ratio (RA). The purpose of this research was to analyze fractal characteristic and to verify its fractal dimension stability as preliminary research to prepare variables which would be used to develop synthetic unit hydrograph model in the future. Analysis was undertaken using two methodsi.e.Horton’s Coefficient Ratio and Box Counting Dimension. Analysis result revealed that fractal dimension of river network from 8 watersheds calculated using those two methods could give almost the same result, ranged from 1 to 2. Fractal dimension from calculation also showed similarity with study conducted by Tarbotonet al. [2], Balkhanovet al. [3], Khanbabaeiet al.[4], obtaining that fractal dimension of river network is generally in the range of 1 to 2.
One of the important factors in water resources management is the determination of design flood associated with determining the size, capacity and age of the water resources structures to be built. Determination of design flood can be done in various ways, one of which is very popular to date is discharge prediction using synthetic unit hydrograph (SUH) approach. The use of unit hydrograph models has been widely applied in various parts of the world, especially in Indonesia, some of which are Snyder, Nakayasu, GAMA I and ITB-1. These methods are considered to have a good performance because it has to accommodate the characteristics of watersheds in a model parameter that greatly contributed to the process of rainfall-runoff transformation. However, in some cases it also provides a sizeable deviation, especially in Indonesia, considering that watersheds in Indonesia have different characteristics with watersheds in the United States where Snyder Unit Hydrograph developed. To overcome these problems, the unit hydrograph performance must be improved so that it can be used in various watersheds to obtain the smallest deviations. This research was conducted in 8 watersheds located in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This study aimed to improve the performance of Snyder Unit Hydrograph Model, covering Snyder, Nakayasu, SCS, GAMA I, ABG and ITB-1. The improvement of model performance was conducted by adjusting model parameters, in this case using Solver Tool on Microsoft Excel. Evaluation was done by the error indicator such as coefficient of Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (E). The study result showed that model parameter adjustment could decrease a deviation of SUH model parameter for peak discharge and average peak time up to 30% and could increase Nash-Sutcliffe Model Efficiency Coefficient (E) up to over 80%. The decrease of a deviation of SUH model parameter and the increase of E coefficient revealed that optimization using solver facility was effectively undertaken. However, not all deviations decreased but even increased significantly after optimization. It happened because the process of parameter optimization occurred simultaneously, and it was only based on a purpose function by maximizing Nash-Sutcliffe Model Efficiency Coefficient (E). The adjustment in this coefficient caused the increase or decrease of a parameter deviation of SUH Model depending on E value achieved on the optimization process. Overall, it could be declared that the decrease of a parameter deviation of SUH model was accompanied by the increase of Nash-Sutcliffe Model Efficiency Coefficient (E). Keywords : performance improvement, synthetic unit hydrograph, model parameters, flood prediction I. INTRODUCTION One of the important factors in water resources management and planning was flood discharge estimation functioned to determine optimum discharge size associated with dimension and a life of structures. The aim of optimum flood discharge estimation was to plan structures which did not have over a dimension (over estimated) implying ...
<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Suhu permukaan laut (SPL) merupakan salah satu parameter yang banyak dipakai untuk mendeteksi perubahan iklim salah satunya adalah perubahan ekosistem yang terjadi di perairan pesisir pantai. Perubahan suhu yang ekstrim akan menyebabkan biota yang ada di pesisir pantai mengalami gangguan, dan akibat dari perubahan ini akan merubah tatanan ekosistem yang ada, salah satunya adalah perubahan area dari posisi perikanan tangkap akibat migrasi dari ikan-ikan yang terkena dampak secara tidak langsung dari perubahan suhu tersebut. Dalam kaitannya dengan fenomena alam tersebut peranan penginderaan jauh sangat menentukan karena teknologi ini mampu untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, dan teknologi ini memiliki keunggulan dalam mengcover area yang cukup besar serta ditunjang dengan kemampuan multi temporal sehingga teknologi ini merupakan jawaban yang tepat untuk dipakai dan dikembangkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan citra satelit Aqua Modis level 2 dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan algoritma yang terbaik dalam upaya memodelkan suhu permukaan laut. Dari hasil yang diperoleh diketahui bahwa algoritma yang paling optimal berasal dari kanal 667 nm, dimana bentuk model algoritma adalah polinomial kubik dengan persamaan : T = -4E+09(Rrs_667)<sup>3</sup> + 1E+07(Rrs_667)<sup>2</sup> – 14356(Rrs_667) + 30,934 dengan nilai R = 0,901.</p><p>Kata kunci: suhu permukaan laut, citra aqua modis, model matematis , penginderaan jauh</p>
Hal terpenting dalam perencanaan waduk selain desain hidrolis bendungan adalah sedimentasi. Sedimen yang mengendap di waduk merupakan faktor pembatas kapasitas tampungan efektif waduk, sehingga jumlah sedimen di waduk biasa digunakan untuk menetapkan masa guna waduk. Prediksi sedimentasi yang terjadi pada waduk dilakukan dengan memperhitungkan besar laju sedimentasi berdasarkan metode perhitungan analitik, namun untuk mempermudah dalam menggambarkan sedimentasi yang terjadi pada waduk dilakukan metode pemodelan menggunakan software HEC-RAS. Program HEC-RAS sendiri merupakan salah satu program pemodelan analisis angkutan sedimen pada saluran maupun sungai. Tujuannya adalah untuk memprediksi besar laju sedimentasi pada Waduk Tugu dengan metode perhitungan analitik dan pemodelan software HEC-RAS, kemudian kedua hasilnya dibandingkan. Pada perhitungan maupun pemodelan sedimentasi menggunakan HEC-RAS data yang dibutuhkan adalah data geometri sungai, data hidrolika, debit sungai, dan parameter sedimen. Pemodelan sedimentasi dengan HEC-RAS dilakukan dengan mencoba beberapa model. Pemodelan pertama berupa sungai dan tubuh bendung. Pemodelan kedua dengan penambahan ambang pelimpah. Pemodelan ketiga, sungai yang dimodelkan hanya alur sungai bagian hilir. Pemodelan keempat penambahan culvert sebagai saluran pengambilan. Pemodelan kelima dengan menambah lateral inflow pada hulu tubuh bendung sebagai alternatif lain untuk memodelkan saluran pengambilan. Pemodelan keenam sama dengan pemodelan keempat namun dengan debit inflow pertama yang dibesarkan sebagai asumsi bahwa waduk terisi penuh baru dioperasikan. Perhitungan analitik dihitung dengan metode total load Laursen yang juga digunakan dalam pemodelan HEC-RAS dan dihitung pada penampang melintang bagian hulu. Hasil perhitungan analitik berupa besar angkutan sedimen yang kemudian dibandingkan dengan pemodelan HEC-RAS. Angkutan sedimen hasil dari perhitungan analitik cenderung lebih kecil daripada hasil dari pemodelan HEC-RAS, dimana perkiraan besar laju sedimentasi dari metode pemodelan HEC-RAS sebesar 22.000 m 3 /th sedangkan laju sedimentasi hasil perhitungan analitik sebesar 19.400 m 3 /th. hal ini dikarenakan penyederhanaan geometri penampang pada perhitungan analitik, sedangkan geometri pada model lebih detail.
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