The study investigates the issues of access, quality, and other major challenges to the online system of education for students in Balochistan during this pandemic of Covid-19. Using the mixed-method design, 100 participants from schools and 7 curriculum experts responded to the survey and the interview questions. Survey results suggested that majority of the schools have enough digital devices, and teachers, to some extent, have skills to use technology in teaching, but limited electricity, funds, weak internet connections, and teacher training were some of the major challenges for them. In interviews, the participants showed disappointment in terms of responsiveness of the curriculum because the textbooks have manifold deficiencies in responding to online education. Considering these deficiencies, proposals were suggested to cope with the existing situation. The findings of the study call for the need on the part of the academia, educational stakeholders, and elected representatives to start joint efforts with national and international donor agencies, technology benefactors and telecommunication operators in developing digital infrastructure to provide students with access to education, quality, and lifelong learning through various pathways. The findings can be generalized to other underdeveloped regions both within and across the country, as the public schools are confronting the same issues and the online system of education has not yet been initiated.

Violations of children rights are the grey areas in Pakistan that have grave consequences for the educational progress of students especially those studying at elementary level. This study probes the major children rights contravention at elementary level schools located in Pakistan; particularly in government sector schools where the learning course is usually taken by the principals and teachers as a regular affair without any fervent approach. In order to investigate the state of children rights in schools, principal, teachers and students from rural and urban area public sector institutions of Capital Territory Islamabad were taken as the sample for this study so that the state of these institutions in terms of providing basic rights to elementary students could be analyzed and it could be seen if they affect the performance of children in class or not. The result indicates the prevalence of several nuisance areas including corporal punishment, bullying, unhygienic environment, lack of educational facilities and proper infrastructure in these institutions which are directly affecting the performance of children in form of a decline in learning outcomes, specifically in rural areas where the use of physical punishment is reported to be practiced more in ratio as compared to urban areas. The study is significant as it explores issues and causes for children rights violations and suggests the necessary measures that would make the learning environment more conducive for students.

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the views of students, parents and teachers regarding the rapid growth of ordinary “O” and advanced “A” level education systems and its implications for Pakistan.  The main objective of study was to identify the importance of and social acceptance of “O” and “A” level education system in Pakistan.  The population of the study was all “O” and “A” level schools, “O” and “A” level students, and their parents and teachers in Pakistan.  The sample of the study was 45 schools, 230 teachers, 450 “O” and “A” level students, and their parents.  The sample of the study was drawn from Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi, Rawalpindi and Peshawar. For the collection of data, three questionnaires, one each for “O” and “A” level students, their parents and the teachers of “O” and “A” level were developed.  Three structured interviews - one each for “O” and “A” level students, their parents and the teachers were designed.  Data were also collected through personal visits.  For the analysis of data, percentage and chi square as contingency test were used.  From this analysis, it was concluded that the rapid growth of “O” and “A” level education in Pakistan was due to better learning, fair examination system, advanced and better curriculum, easy admission in foreign universities, provision of quality education, better learning environment, knowledge based education system, status symbol for family, flexible scheme of studies, up-to-date, comprehensive and informative courses, international acceptance and recognition, better professional careers and dynamic future for students.  It was also found that “O” and “A” level education was expensive in Pakistan with the majority of the students belong to the elite class.

The study evaluates chemistry curriculum at the secondary level. Chemistry is the science subject which help in technological advancement. It deals with the study of composition, structure, properties, and different changes which take place in matter. There are different careers in chemistry such as in food processing, industries, health etc. The progress of any country depends on the achievement in the field of chemistry. The successes of these reforms are associated with chemistry curriculum. Therefore, this study re-examines the objectives of National Chemistry Curriculum 2006 and identifies the nature of implementation of chemistry curriculum. Questionnaire based data from 138 chemistry teachers (male and female) teaching at secondary level in District Haripur determined that modern teaching techniques are required in teaching chemistry. So, it is recommended to improve curriculum at regular intervals according to global standards.

Writing is one of the basic language skills. Both objective tests and essay questions can be used to evaluate students’ performance in the writing skill. The objective tests are generally considered useful as they help in measuring certain abilities accurately and they yield reliable scores. But essay tests can be used more effectively to measure certain complex learning outcomes such as organization, synthesis, and analysis. Essays provide an effective form of testing to evaluate the communicative skill of students at the higher level. Such items have the problems of consistency, objectivity, and reliability of their scores. The present study focuses on the issue of scorer reliability and attempts to suggest an objective model of scoring for the free-response essay question set in the B.A. examination for Islamia University of Bahawalpur in the subject of English compulsory.