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Error-free mitosis depends on accurate chromosome attachment to spindle microtubules via a fine structure called the centromere that is epigenetically specified by the enrichment of CENP-A nucleosomes. Centromere maintenance during mitosis requires CENP-A-mediated deposition of constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) that establishes the inner kinetochore and connects centromeric chromatin to spindle microtubules during mitosis. Although previously proposed to be an adaptor of retinoic acid receptor, here, we show that CENP-R synergizes with CENP-OPQU to regulate kinetochore–microtubule attachment stability and ensure accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. We found that a phospho-mimicking mutation of CENP-R weakened its localization to the kinetochore, suggesting that phosphorylation may regulate its localization. Perturbation of CENP-R phosphorylation is shown to prevent proper kinetochore–microtubule attachment at metaphase. Mechanistically, CENP-R phosphorylation disrupts its binding with CENP-U. Thus, we speculate that Aurora B-mediated CENP-R phosphorylation promotes the correction of improper kinetochore–microtubule attachment in mitosis. As CENP-R is absent from yeast, we reasoned that metazoan evolved an elaborate chromosome stability control machinery to ensure faithful chromosome segregation in mitosis.

The study aims at workplace values and their essential role towards effective management. Perceived values of workplace are analyzed and discussed here with respect to an individual, organization or interactive perspective. Major thrust of this study was to examine impact of perceived significance of workplace values towards effective management especially in Pakistan, as these define the working methodologies and way an entity works. We used secondary data including published articles and relying on provided theories by the prior authors, we carried out conceptual analysis to support our arguments. After conceptual analysis, it is found that there are differences in perceived importance of workplace values and there needs to have a balance between the importance of workplace values for smooth and effective operations. The study has some limitations as it is conceptual in nature, but it provides ample amount of theoretical iimplications for future researchers. Furthermore, as it consists of secondary data, the research is about perceived importance of workplace values with employees and organizational perception and their impact on both.